S 597 
.W62 
Copy 1 



-ETIN No. 1 1. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION OF SOILS. 



Tobacco Soils of the United States 

A PRliLIMIN.ARY REPORT UPON THE SOILS Oi- 
THI-: PRIXCILVL TOBACCO DISTRICTS. 



BV 



MILTON WHITNEY, 
CHIEF OF DIVISION OF SOILS 




59t 



WASHINGTON: 

(lOVKRNM KN 1 PRINTIN'G OFFICE. 
1898. 




Qass. 
Book_ 






'^ 3iX- 



Bulletin No. 1 1. 



/ 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION OF SOILS. 



/ SB* 



Tobacco Soils of the United States : 

A PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE SOILS OF 
THE. PRINCIPAL TOBACCO DISTRICTS. 



BY 



MILTON WHITNEY, 

CHIEF OF DIVISION OF SOILS. 




WASH INGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING O F K I C E , 



1898. 



'V 



\0 



LF;rTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department of AtiiiicrLTiTKE, 

Division of Soils, 
Washington, 1>. 6'., November 1, ls97. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith and to recommend for pub- 
lication a preliminary report upon tlie jnincipal tobacco soils of the 
United States. It has not been possible, with the time and means at 
our disposal, to make an exhaustive study and mai) accurately the areas 
of the tobacco lands, but trips of recounoissance have been taken over 
most of the important tobacco districts and a large amount of material 
has been examined. The results show a very marked difference in the 
texture and physical pro[)erties of the soils adapted to tbe diflerent 
classes, types, and grades of tobacco, and give a basis for the classitica- 
tion of the soils and their mapping upon any desired scale. A recom- 
mendation has been made in my annual report that a more detailed 
study of these soils be undertaken aiul that reliable maps be prepared 
showing the area and distribution of the soils. 
Kespectfully, 

Milton Whitney, 

Chief of iHcision. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Atjriculture. 



CONTENTS 



Page. 

Introdnrtion 5 

Statistics of tobacco culture 6 

Tobacco produced in four census years 7 

Estimates of tobacco production in 1896 8 

Principal tobacco districts 8 

Changes in production of tobacco from 1879 to 1889 9 

Counties constituting the tobacco districts of the United States 10 

Influence of <-limate on tlie distribution of the difterent classes of tobacco 12 

:Muteor(dogical conditions in the great tobacco regions 12 

Experience the only .safe test of climate for tobacco 14 

Soils of the tobacco districts 14 

Tlic texture of tobacco soil 15 

Soils of the Northern cigar tobacco districts 16 

Soils of the Southern cigar tobacco districts 21 

Uright toljacco lands - 24 

Manufacturing tobacco lands of Virginia and North Carolina 25 

The white hurley tobacco lands of Kentucky and Ohio 26 

Export tobacco lands of Kentucky and Tennessee 27 

The relative water content of tobacco soils 28 

Mean water content of the Northern cigar tobacco soils 29 

Water content of the Florida tobacco soils 30 

Water content of the soils of tiie luanufacturing and export tobacco dis- 
tricts 30 

Tables of the water content of tobacco soils 32 

Tables of the mechanical analyses of tobacco lands 40 



LIST RAT IONS, 



Plate 1, Diagram showing comi)arison of climatic conditions for four tobacco 

districts 12 

II. Diagram showing comparison of climatic conditions ibr four tobacco 

districts 12 

III. Texture of cigar tobacco land in Massachusetts 18 

IV. Texture of cig:ir tobacco land in Connecticut 18 

V. Texture of cigar tobacco land in Pennsylvania 20 

VI. Texture of cigar tobacco land in New York 20 

VII. Texture of cigar tobacco land in Ohio 20 

VIII. Texture of cigar tobacco land in Wisconsin 22 

IX. Texture of bright tobacco land in Virginia 24 

X. Texture of manufacturing tobacco land in Virginia 26 

XI. Texture &f white hurley tobacco land in Kentucky 26 

XII . Texture of export tobacco land in Kentucky 28 

XIII. Diagram showing relative proportions of sand, silt, and day in 

tobacco soils 28 

4 



mmi} SOILS OF tub rNiiEi) states: a prelimixary report upon 

THE SOILS OF THE PRINCIPAL TOBACCO DISTRICTS. 



INTRODUCTION. 

In 1802, when tbe tobacco exhibit was being prepared for tlie Colnm- 
bian Exposition, it was proposed to make a very coinpreliensive study 
of the soils of the priiicipai tobacco areas of the country. This idea 
could not be carried out in full at the time, but a beginning was made 
aiul quite a large collection of typical tobacco soils secure<l. Sin(;ethat 
time much attention has been given to the subject, a large number of 
samples have been collected by agents of the Department, and quite a 
large amount of this material has been examined in the laboratory. 
This publication is a preliminary report ui)on the work. 

In recent years quite a little work has been done upon various lines 
connected with the i)roduction of tobacco, and a number of valuable 
publications have been issued. The most comprehensive and generally 
valuable paper was i)ublished in the volume of Agriculture of the Tenth 
Census. This article contains a great amount of exceedingly valuable 
information in regard to the soils and the iniiueuce of the soils on the 
tobacco crop of the United States. 

Prof. (). Comes has published a valuable contribution on the botany 
of the tobacco plant in a sliort monograph, entitled Hortus Botanicus 
Porticeusis, in which he attemj)ts to classify botanically the tobaccos 
of the i)riucipal tobacco districts of the world. This was followed 
by the publication in 1S97, by ^he same author, of the tirst volume of 
Del Tabacco — Storia, geogratia, statistica, speciografia, agrologia e 
l)atol()gia. 

Several valuable papers have l)een i)ublished in the annual reports 
of the Connecticut Experiment Station upon the progress of an investi- 
gation in tobacco culture at Poquonock for the past five years. Sev- 
eral bulletins have been issued from other experiment stations on this 
subject, notably the following: lUilletin No. 4 of tlie Colorado Ex])eri- 
ment Station, published February, 1888, giving a description of the best 
tobacco soils, methods of cultivation, curing, and other treatment of the 



6 

crop, together with the yield and quality of tobacco from a number of 
sami^les of seed seut out by the United States Department of Agricul- 
ture. Bulletin No. 20 (second series), of the Louisiana Experiment 
Station on Tobacco Growing in Louisiana, consists of an essay on the 
general subject of tobacco growing, together with experiments at the 
North Louisiana Exjieriment Station. This was followed the next year 
by the publication of Bulletin No. 25 (second series), containing the 
results of experiments made on the cultivation of tobacco in northern 
Louisiana. Bulletin No. 122, on Ty})es of Tobacco and Their Analyses, 
published by the North Carolina Experiment Station in 1805, contains 
the results of the chemical analyses of a number of typical tobaccos 
from the principal tobacco areas of the country. In 1805 the Fhn-ida 
Experiment Station published a report on the Culture of Tobacco, 
followed in 1807 by a revised and somewhat eidarged edition. This 
was published as Bulletin No. 38, and called Tobacco in Florida. In 
1806 the Kentucky Experiment Station published Bulletin No. (33 on 
Tobacco, containing the results of some fertilizer experiments on the 
yield of tobacco, together with a study of the effects of arsenites on the 
tobacco plant and its efficiency as an insecticide. Mention should also be 
made of a number of valuable papers on the cultivation of tobacco by 
our consular agents in the Consular Keport, particularly those relating 
to the cultivation of tobacco in Sumatra and in Cuba. Another impor 
tant contribution entitled Tobacco Leaf, by Killebrew and Myrick, 
published in 1807, covers tlie general subject of tobacco culture and 
curing. 

STATISTICS OF TOBACCO CULTURE. 

In order to study the question intelligently it was necessary carefully 
to consider the yield of the different States, the counties in each State 
and district which produced any considerable amount of tobacco, and be 
largely guided by this in collecting samples of soils for examination. The 
data for this work were taken mainly from the Tenth Census, on account 
of the detailed estimates and the very valuable descriptions given there 
of the tobacco areas, the soils, and the physical conditions in the areas. 
In order to judge how the conditions had changed in the ten years 
which had elapsed since the census was taken, the yield from the 
counties composing the principal districts was compared with the yield 
of the same counties given in the Eleventh Census, a preliminary bulletin 
of which, on Tobacco Production, was published shortly after these 
investigations were nndertaken. 

As there are no subse(|uent figures which admit of the detailed study 
that these census figures allow, they are given here to show the location 
of the different tobacco areas and incidentally to show the change in 
acreage and yield in the ten years elapsing between the Tenth and 
Eleventh Censuses. 



TOBACCO PRODUCED IN FOUR CENSUS YEARS. 

The table below furnishes a coiideiised and exact exhibit of the pro- 
duction of the tobacco regions of the United States and the changes 
that took place from 1859 to 1889. 



states producing tobacco in 1889. 



Over 1,000,000 pounds. 



Kentucky 

Virginia 

Ohio 

Nortli Carolina 

Tennessee 

PennMylvania .. 

AViseonsiu 

Maryland 

MisHouri 

New York 

Connecticut 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Massachusetts. 
West Virginia . 



Between 100.000 and l.OdO.ono poundx. 



16. Arkansas 

17. Florida 

18. Georgia 

19. South Carolina - 

20. Texas 

21. Alabama 



Lesis than 100,000 pmmd.s 



22. New Hampshire 

23. Iowa 

24. Vernsont 

25. Kansas 

26. Mississippi 

27. Louisiana 

28. New Jersey 

29. Delaware 

30. Minnesota 

31. California 

32. Michigan 

33. Nebraska 

34. Washington 

35. Oregon 

36. New Mexico 



Pounds. 
108, 126, 840- 
121,787,946- 
2."), 092, 581 
32, 853, 250 
43, 448, 097 
3, 181, .586 
87, 340 
3K, 410, 965 
25, 086, 196 

5, 764, 582 
C, 000, 133 
7, 993, 378 

6, 885, 262 
3, 233, 198 
2, 180, 366 



989, 980 
828, 815 
019. 318 
104, 412 
97, 914 
2:i2. 914 



18, 581 

303, 168 

12. 245 

20, 349 

159, 141 

39, 940 

149, 485 

9.699 

38. 938 

3, 150 

121,099 

3.636 

10 

405 

7.044 




1889. 



Pnvndf!. 

105, 305, 869 

37, 086, 364 

18,741,973 

11, 150,087 

21.^-65,452 

3, 467, 5.'i9 

960, 813 

15. 785, 339 

12. 320, 483 

2, 349, 798 

8, 328. 798 

9. 325. 392 

5, 249, 274 

7,312,885 

2, 046, 452 



.594. 8S6 
l.'i7, 405 
288, 596 
34, 805 
59. 706 
152, 742 



155. 334 

71,792 

72, 671 

33,241 

61,012 

]5,.i41 

40, 871 

250 

8,247 

63. 800 

5, 385 

5,988 

1, 682 

3,847 

8, 587 



Povnds. 

171,120,784 

79, 988, 868 

34. 7:t5, 235 

26,986,213 

29, 365. 052 

36, 943, 272 

10, 608, 423 

26,082,147 

12, 015, 057 

6,481,431 

14, 044, 652 

8, 872. 842 

3, 935, 825 

5. 369. 4:i6 

2, 296, 146 



970, 220 
21,182 

228, 590 
45, 678 

221, 283 

452, 426 



170, 843 

420, 477 

131,432 

191, 609 

414, 063 

55, 954 

172,315 

1.278 

69. 922 

73, 317 

83, 969 

57, 979 

6. 930 

17,325 

890 



Poiindf!, 

221,880,303 

48, 522, 655 

37. 8.53, 563 

:i6, 375, 258 

3(>, 368, 395 

28, 956, 247 

19, 389, 166 

12, 356, 838 

9, 424, 823 

9, 316, 135 

8, 874, 924 

7, 710, 297 

3, 042, 936 

2, 794. 848 

2. 602, 021 



954, 640 
470,443 
263, 752 
222, 898 
175. 706 
162. 430 



86, 593 
74, 396 
70, 518 
62, 083 
61, 51 1 
46, 845 
33, 855 
29, 680 
23, 285 
12, 907 
11, 984 
tl, 049 
7,040 
3,325 
1,415 



Total 434,291,913 262,732,755 1 471,655,305 



This table gives the yield of States according to the jjroduction in 
1889, the lirst group comprising those States in which the production 
exceeded 1,000,000 pounds, the second group cominisiiig those States 
in which the production is between 100,000 and 1,000,000 jiounds, the 
third group embracing the States i^roducing less than 100,000 pounds. 



8 



ESTIMATES OF TOBACCO PRODUCTION IN 1896. 

The following' are the final estimates of the Divitsion of Statistics of 
this Department for the year 1890 : 

Area, yield, and value of tohacco in 1896. 



Kontucky 

North Carolina 

Virjiinia 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Mar viand 

Peiuisylvauia . 

Indiana 

Missonri 

Conncclicut 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Illinois 

New York 

Arkansas 

Alabama 

Massafhustitts 
other States... 

Total.... 



Area culti- 
vated. 



icres 

196, 

134, 

92, 

53, 

32, 

15, 

13, 

11, 

10, 

G, 

5, 

3, 

3, 

3, 

2, 

2, 

1, 

3, 



594, 749 



Yield. 



Pounds. 

143, 623, 850 

68, 629, 170 

57,961.260 

35,211,660 

23, 68x, 880 

9, 277. 100 

16, 244, 280 

8, 130, 760 

7. 406, 000 

10, 197, 450 

3, 685, 680 

5, 088, 000 

2, 497, 280 

3, 389, 360 
1,327,500 

1, 009, 090 
3, 199, 500 

2, 437, 500 



Value. 



$6, 032, 

5, 490, 

3, 013, 

2, 464, 

1, 060, 

398, 

1, 209. 

365, 

606 

1, 325, 

313. 

279, 

237, 

271. 

146, 

161, 

383, 

341, 



202 
334 
986 
816 
0;)0 
915 
.542 
884 
540 
668 
283 
840 
242 
149 
025 
454 
940 
250 



403, 004, 320 



24, 258, 070 



PRINCIPAL TOBACCO DISTRICTS. 

The Department is constantly in receipt of letters asking for infornia 
tion and advice in regard to the growing of tobacco. The main points 
of inquiry seem to be in regard to the kind of tobacco which should be 
grown and the method of curing the product. 

Climate and soil conditions should determine the kind of tobacco 
raised. The tobacco plant readily adapts itself to a great range of 
climatic conditions, will grow on nearly all kinds of soil, and has a 
comparatively short season of growth. It can, therefore, as a matter 
of fact, be grown in nearly all parts of the country, even where wheat 
and corn can not be economically produced. But while tobacco can be 
so universally grown, the flavor and quality of the leaf are greatly influ- 
enced by the conditions of climate and soil. The industry has been 
v^ery highly specialized and there is only demand now for tobacco 
possessing certain qualities, adapted to certain specific i)urposes. A 
nondescript tobacco is not worth growing and should not be grown, as 
it lowers the price of really good types of tobacco, to the detriment alike 
of the grower and the consumer. It is inii)ortant, therefore, to under- 
stand what kinds of tobacco are in demand and what the climatic and 
soil conditions are which will most easily produce the qualities desired. 

The principal kinds of tobacco grown in this country are the cigar 
tyi)es, for our domestic supply of cigars; the manufacturing types, for 
smoking and chewing, for our domestic use; the bright yellow tobacco, 
for cigarettes, smoking, and plug wrappers; White Burley, for smok 
ing and chewing, both for domestic and export trade; and the export 
types proper, which are not suited to our domestic use, but which are 
mainly exported to foreign countries to be used both for cigar and 



mamiractiiriiig ])urposes. The question is often asked, Whicli of these 
classes of tobacco should be "rownf 



CHANGES IN PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO FROM 1879 TO 1889. 

The following- table, couipiled from the Eleventh Census, shows where 
these different classes of tobacco are produced, the acreage of the dif- 
ferent tobacco districts in 1879 and 1889, together with the increase or 
decrease in acreage and yield in 1889 as compared with the acreage 
and yield of 1879. The plus sign in the table indicates an increase j 
the minus sign indicates a decrease. 

Couiparlson of a.creuije and i/iild for lS7f> and ISSO, hy dhtricts. 



Districts. 



Keliition 
ofacreage 
in each 
district 
to total 
acreage 
in 1889. 



Cigar leaf: 

Sei^dleaf, 111 

AlassacliUHctts 

Connecticut 

Indiana 

Pen nsyl van ia 

Seed leaf, Ohio 

New York 

AVisconsin 

riorida 



Per cent. 

0.3 

2.2 

6.9 

9.2 

29.2 

23.2 

9.1 

18.6 

.04 



Total. 



98.74 



Mannfacturing and ex]>ort: 
Ked and spangled, W. 

Va .05 

Manufacturing, Mo .4 

Sun and air cured fill- 
ers, Va .8 

Maryland 5. 4 

Spangled. Ohio 1.1 

Green iiiver, Ky .9 

Red shipping, Ya 1.1 

Heavy tobacco, Mo 2.0 

Cuiulierland Kiver. Ky . . 8 

Upper (ireen River, Ky. 4.3 

( )hio River, Ky 4.2 

Ujiper Cumiierlaiid 

River, Ten n 1.6 

Piiducali, Ky 8. 4 

Lower (Ireen River, Kv. 14. 9 

Clarlisville, Ky .'. . 13. 7 

Export. Ill .9 

Benton County, Ark ... .3 

West Teniie-s'ee, Tenn . 3. 7 

Ciarksville. Tenn | 8. 8 

Dark shipping, W. Va. . .5 

Korth Carolina n 22. 3 



Acreage. 



Acres. 

7.52 

3, 358 

8,666 

9, 859 

26, 347 

15, 017 

4,264 

8,509 

35 



Acres. 

329 

2,012 

6, 331 

8,378 

26, 746 

21,224 

8, 289 

17, 000 

1,100 



76, 807 



568 
2,977 

6,285 
37, 741 
7, .581 
6,419 
6,516 
10,018 
3,844 

17, 676 

18, 297 

5,421 
28, 205 
,50, 313 
45. 756 

2, 999 

844 

10,103 

22, 912 

1,' 342 
a 48, 005 



91, 409 



187 
1,205 

2,616 
17,778 
3, 604 
3,123 
.3, 721 
6, 862 

2, 729 
14, 440 
14,203 

5,398 

28, 188 
50, 088 
45, 753 

3, 029 
940 

12,432 

29, 652 
1,819 

t 74, 848 



Change in each dis- 
trict. 



Per cent. 

— 56.2 

— 40.1 

— 26.9 

— 15.0 
+ 1.5 
-f 41.2 
+ 94.3 
-f 99.8 
+3042. 8 



Yield. 



Total I I 348,665 | 334,941 



Brigbr yellow: 

Virginia 

West N'irginia . 
Noi'th Carolina. 

Total 



White hurley : 
Ohio ...1.. 
Kentucky. 



?)40. 2 

1.1 

58.8 



h 52, 565 

1, 169 

h 48, 005 



/>51,281 

1, 390 

6 74,848 



101,739 ! 127,519 



1,5.3 
84.7 



11.258 
53, 475 



17, 250 
95, 563 



Total 64,733 1 112,813 -i-74. 26 +76.99 



68.0 
59.5 

58.3 
52.9 
52.4 
51.3 
42.8 
31. 5 
29. 
17.9 



.4 

.1 

.0 

.0 

1.0 

11.4 

23.0 

29.4 

35. 5 

55.9 



Per cent. 

— 62.7 

— 92.1 

— 36. 8 

— 7.0 

— 19.4 
+ 5. 9 
+ 56. 1 
+ 83.3 
+ 3570.5 



Change in whole 
area. 



Yield. 



Per cent. 

— 0.58 

— 1.84 

— 3.20 

— 2. 03 
+ ..54 
+ 8.52 
+ 5.52 
+ 11.66 
+ 1.32 



Per cent. 

— 0.68 

— 2.67 

— 4.93 

— .53 

— 7.24 
+ 1.04 
+ 3.33 
+ 9.05 
+ .44 



+ 21.91 



2.19 





72 


3 


— 


59 


4 


_ 


69 


9 





52 


6 





51 


6 


— 


51 
54 


3 

1 


— 


26. 


2 



— 2.4 
+ 10.3 
+ 55.9 



53.2 

78.7 



27.5 
12.9 
26.4 

14.2 

14.0 

1.2 

4.1 

9.2 

1.1 

13.2 

37.3 

30.7 

24.4 



— 24.1 
+ 17.0 
+ 24.4 



— .10 

— .50 

— 1.05 

— 5.72 

— 1.14 

— .91 

— .80 

— . 90 

— .31 

— .92 

— 1.17 

-^ .01 

.00 

.00 

.00 

+ .01 

+ .02 

+ .66 

+ 1.93 

+ .13 

+ 7.69 



— .11 

— .42 

— 1.29 

— 5.73 

— 1.41 

— .91 



_ 


.98 





.28 


— 


.65 


— 


1.47 


„ 


.27 


— 


1.26 


+ 


.21 


+ 


.55 


+ 


.07 




.00 


+ 


.41 


+ 


2. 53 


+ 


.18 


+ 


2.34 



37.4 
86.3 



— 1.26 
+ .21 
+ 30.31 



—13.31 

+ .20 
+ 10.98 



+29. 26 



+ 9.25 
+ 65.01 



+ 7.02 
+ 69.97 



a There ia no way of estimating separately the acreage in yellow and in manufacturing in this State 
It is gcuerallv believed the acreage in iiinnufacturiug is greatly decreased and that in yellow ha: 



increased. This estimate is but approximate 
ilucluding also flue-cured tillers. 



has 



10 

A glance at the table shows that in this period of ten years the acre- 
age and yield of the cigar tobaccos have been very considerably 
increased. The manufacturing and export districts can not be sharply 
separated, as both kinds of tobacco are frequently grown in the same 
district and the same kind is frequently used for both purposes. It 
will be seen that on the whole there has been a considerable decrease 
in the acreage and yield. With the bright yellow and burley tobaccos 
there has been a large increase in both acreage and yield. This table 
gives an idea where the different kinds of tobacco are raised in such 
quantities and of such commercial imiaortance as to constitute a dis- 
trict. Since 1880 there has been considerable change in many of these 
districts, while other new districts, notably Texas and California, are 
coming into considerable prominence both as to the area under culti- 
vation and the excellent quality of the product raised. The acreage 
in Florida has also been very greatly increased since 1889, but there are 
no reliable statistics to show the extent of the changes in the counties 
making up the tobacco districts. 

COUNTIES CONSTITUTING THE TOBACCO DISTRICTS OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 



The following are the counties in each State making up the different 
tobacco districts of the country. This gives only a very approximate 
idea of the area of the districts, as the boundaries follow geological 
and soil formations rather than county lines, and consequently only 
small portions of some of the counties are included in the districts. 
The counties are given in the order of their acreage in 1889, those 
having the largest acreage being given first. The numerals immedi- 
ately after the names of the States show the percentage of the total 
tobacco acreage of the State in 1889 included in the counties named. 
Only those counties producing notable «iuaii titles of tobacco are here 
mentioned. 

DistricI of c'mar iypes. 



states and varieties. 


Product 
of State. 


Counties. 


Illinois : 


Per cent. 
7.9 

100 

100 
89.4 
99.2 

47.8 

96 

98.6 
92.4 


Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll. 
Hanii)shire, H.'jnipdcn, Franklin, Berk.<?hire. 






Hartford, Litcliti(4(l. Fairfleld, Tolland, Middlesex, Ne'w Haven. 




Switzerland, Spencer, Warrick, Jeti'erson, Dubois, Ohio, Pike. 
Lancaster. York, Chester, Brafitbrd, Clinton, Tioga, Bucks, Leb- 
anon, Korthumberland, Lycoming, Dauphin, Cumberland. 

Montgomery, Darke, Preble, Warren, Miami, Butler, Clinton, Clark, 




Ohio: 




Shelby, Champaign, Greene. 
Onondaga, Cayuga, Chemung, Oswego, Steuben, Wayne, Tompkins, 

Tioga. 
Dane, Rock, Jeflerson, Columbia, Vernon, Green. 






Gadsden, Walton, Madison, Columbia, Leon. 







11 



District of vmnn/aciuriiuj and crport types. 



States aud varieties. 


Product 
of State. 


Counties. 


West Virginia: 


P( 


r cent. 




Ked .s])aiigled 




4 


Lewis, W irt, Calhoun, Ritchie, Roane, Wetzel. 


Dark shipiiing 




:is. 9 


Putnam, Cabell, Wayne, Kanawha, Jackson, Mason, W 1. 


Missouri : 








Manufacturing 




10. G 


Callaway, Montgomery, Pike, Lincoln, Warren, Osage, Franklin. 






60.5 


Chariton, Howard, (Jarroll, Saline, Macon, Linn, Randolph, Living- 
ston, Monroe, Boone, Shelby. 




Virginia: 








Sun and air cured.. 




2.4 


Louisa, Caroline, Hanover, Spottsvlvania. 


Red sliiiiping 




3.4 


Dinwiddle, Fluvanna, Goocliland, Rockbridge, Chesterlield. 


Flue-cured tillers . . 




11.1 


K nrv, Franklin, Patrick. (See also P.right yellow.) 


Maryland 




90 


Prince George, St. Mary, A.nue Arundel, Charles, Calvert, Mont- 
gomery, Harford, Frederick. 


Kentucky : 








Green Kiver 




1.1 


Ohio, Rutler. 


Cumberland Kiver. 




1 


Metcalfe, Adair, Cumberland, Monroe, Pulaski, Russell, (.'asey, 
Wayne, Clinton. 


Upper ( ireen River. 




5.2 


Hart, BarTcn, ^\^1^ren, Green, Marion, Allen, Taylor, (irayson, 
Larue, Hardin, Edmonson. 


Ohio River 




5.1 


Caldwell, Breckinridge, Crittenden, Lyon, Hancock, Livingston, 
Meade. 


Paducali 




10.2 
18.2 


Graves, Calloway, Ballard, McCracken, Marshall, Fulton, Hickman. 
Henderson, Daviess, Webster, Hopkins, Union, McLean, Muhleu- 


Lower (Jreen River 


Clarksvjlle 




16. C 


Christian, Logan, Todd, Trigg, Simjison. 


Ohio: 








Spangled 




8.1 


Washington, Xoble, Monroe, Belmcmt, Morgan, Guernsex, ( iallia. 








Athens, Harrison. 


Tennesse*^ ; 








Upiier Cuniberhaul 




10. .-) 


Sumner, Smith, ^Nfacon, Trousdale, Jackson, Wilson, Putnam, Clav. 


River. 








Clarksville 




57. 6 


^lontgonieiy, Robertson, Cheatham, Stewart, Dickson, Houston, 
llumi)l)revs. 


TVest Tennessee . . . 




24.1 


Weakley, Henry, Obion, Benton, Dyer, (;arri>ll, Gibson, Hi'nderson, 
Hardeman, Decatur. 


Illinois: 








Export 




72.0 


Saline, Williamson, Franklin, Hamilton. 


Arkansas 




.'■>0. 1 


Benton, W^ashington, Boone, Madison, Carroll, Xewton, Izard, Ran- 








dolph. 


Korth Carolina 




77.1 


Rockingham, Granville. Stokes, Caswell, Pers(m, Madison, Vance, 
Forsyth, Buncoiul)e, Suirj-, Durham, Guilfoid, Alamance. (In- 
cluding also Bright yellow.) 



District of bright tjellow type. 



State. 


I'roiluct 
of State. 


Counties. 




Per cent. 
46.3 
29.9 


Pittsylvania, Halifax, Henry. Franklin, Patrick. 
Fayette, Mercer, Summers, 'Monro(\ Raleigh. 
(See counties under export tobacco.) 

- 


West Virginia 







District of whit hurley type. 



State. 


Product 
of State. 


Counties. 


Ohio 


Per cint. 
38.9 
34.8 










Fleming, Harrison, Shelby, Booue, Nicholas, Carroll, Woodford, 
Montgomery, Franklin, Kenton, Lewis, Trimble, Robertson, 
Campbell, Gallatin, Oldham. 



12 



INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE 
DIFFERENT CLASSES OF TOBACCO. 

It is a curious aud iuterestitig fact that tobacco suitable for our 
douiestic cigars is raised iu the latitude of Sumatra, Cuba, and Fk)rida, 
aud then passing over our middle tobacco States, the cigar type is found 
again iu Massachusetts, Connecticut, Peunsylvauia, Ohio, Indiana, Illi- 
nois, and Wisconsin. The tobacco which we use only for chewing and 
smoking and which we send abroad is raised in the intervening States, 
the very best locality lying just below the latitude of southern Ohio. 
This is undoubtedly a matter of climate, although the ordinary meteoro- 
logical statistics do not shou any good reason for the facts. (See Plates 
I and 11.) 

METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN THE GREAT TOBACCO 

REGIONS. 

The following table gives a summary of the meteorological conditions 
in a number of the tobacco districts of our own country, and from an 
eight years' record in Habana and from several years' record in the 
Island of Sumatra aud the adjacent coast: 

ilea it VI on fill 11 finipcrdiiircs. 



District. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 




OF. 

44.80 

49.90 

.')7. 50 

60.60 

56.00 

58.20 

83.05 


°F. 
56.50 
62. 00 
05.00 
08. 10 
65.80 
67.00 
82.90 


°F. 

65.90 

71.80 

75.30 

77.00 

74.00 

75.80 

82. 35 


° F. 
70.20 
75. 90 
77.20 
79. 50 
77.80 
78.70 
82.45 


OF. 

67.70 

73.30 

75.30 

77.93 

75.40 

76.00 

81.35 


OF. 
61.11 




65. 63 




69. 63 


Tennessee - 


70.53 
69.00 




70.10 




81.45 






District. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 




78.60 


75.40 


72.50 


72. 00 


73.60 


75.20 






Mean maximum 


temper 


at 11 res. 










District. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 




OF. 

56.70 

60.90 

70.40 

70.50 

66. 00 

69.80 

89.35 


°F. 
69. 00 
71. 20 
79. 80 
78.80 
76.20 
78.30 
88.80 


° F. 

78.00 

81.60 

84.80 

86.10 

83.60 

86.10 

87.50 


OF. 
82. 10 
84. 50 
84.50 
89.60 
87.20 
87.00 
87.80 


OF. 

78.90 

82. 80* 

81.30 

87.20 

84.20 

84.00 

86.90 


°F. 
71.23 




74.98 




78.90 




80. 7.^ 




78.20 




78.30 




87.15 






District. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 




82. 40 


79.90 


77.00 


77.40 


79.00 


80.80 







Bull. No. 1 1 , U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Soils. 

May June July Au^. Sept. 
85 




Plate I. 
May June July Au^. Sept. 



Mean Monthly Temp. 




Mean Max. Temp. 




Mean Min. Temp. ,^ 
/ 



10 



\ 



-X 



\ 



'l- 



J 



J- 



Av. MonthljEainfall 

Conn. VaTlev Term. 



25 
20 
15 
10 
5 



Mean Daily Range 



85 



80^:^ 



7^ 



70 



65 









/ 
> 


IZ^'"^. 






/ 
/ 






7- 





















fift 

Mean HeLitive Humitlity 
BJabana-'--"- Sumatra - — 



Bull. No. 11 , U. S. Dept. Agr., Div, Soils. 

May June July An;^. Sept. 




Plate II. 
May June July Aug. fc>ept. 



Mean Monthly Temp. 




Meaii Miix . Temp. 




Mean Mm. Temp. 




Mean Daily Range 



10 




Av. MontUy TlainfaJl. 




Mean Tfelative HiuniJity. 



Kentucky Tennessee Vireiinia North CarolinO'—-—:, 



ST-S'lsu^m,/^" 



13 



Meon minimum temperatures. 



District. 



Apr. 



Connecticut Valley i 35. 40 

Pennsylvania ' 39. 50 

KentiiVky 47. 90 

Tt-niiessec 51. 50 

Vir<rini:i i 45. 40 

North Carolina ; 47. 90 

Sumatra I 74. 40 



May. 



°F. 
46.50 
49.40 
56. 20 
59.30 
55.50 
57.60 
74.00 



June. July. 



°F. 
55.90 
59. 70 
66.20 
67.80 
64.50 
65.60 
74. 25 



°F. 
60.50 
64. 00 
67.60 
71.30 
68. 50 
68. 20 
74.15 



°F, 
58.80 
61.00 

65. 60 
68. .50 

66. 50 
66. 90 
73.60 



Se])t. 



°F. 
50.'87 
54.68 
57. 35 
62. 25 
59.90 
61. 10 
73. 70 



District. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 




74.10 


70.70 


68.00 


66.90 


68.00 


68.40 





Mean dailii ranr/es of temjyeratun 



District. 



Connecticut Valley 

Pennsylvania ! 

Kentucky 

Tennesset- 

Virginia 

North Carolina 

Sumatra 




22.5 
21.8 
23.6 
19.5 
20.7 
20.7 
14.8 



June. 


July. 


Aug. 


°F. 


OF. 


°F. 


22.1 


21.6 


20.1 


21.9 


20.5 


21.8 


18.6 


16.9 


15.7 


18.3 


18.3 


18.7 


19. 1 


18.7 


17.7 


20.5 


18.8 


17.1 


13.2 


13.6 


13.3 



Sept. 



°F. 
20. 4 
20.3 
21.6 
18.5 
18.3 
17,2 
13.4 



District. 



Habaua. 



Oct. 
8.3 



Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar 



9.0 10.5 ' 11.0 



Records of rainfall. 



District. 



Averages for months. 



Apr. 


May. 


Inehe.i. 


Inches. 


3.33 


3.78 


3. 61 


4.70 


4.98 


4.46 


5.21 


3. 92 


3.30 


3.80 


3.21 


5.21 


5.93 


9.61 



June. 



July. 



Aug. Sept. 



Totals. 



6 
months. 



Tear. 



Connecticut Valley 

Pennsylvania 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Virginia 

North Carolina 

Sumatra 



Inches. 
3.79 
3.91 
4.25 
4.44 
3.60 
3.80 
6.59 



Inches. 
4.90 
4.06 
3.97 
3.45 
3.80 
4.89 
7.07 



Inches. Inches. 



3.96 
4.12 
3.89 
4.10 
5.64 
10.99 



3.85 
3.68 
3.06 
3.28 
3.80 
4.00 
12.71 



Inches. 
24. 24 

23. 92 
24.86 

24. 19 
22. 40 
26. 75 
52.90 



Inches. 
49. 23 
43. 74 
51.70 
52. 10 
44.50 
45. 25 



District. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


6 
months. 








6. .57 


1.94 


2.27 


2.95 


2.06 


1-21 


17. 00 1 


49.83 







Mean relative humidity. 



District. 



Connecticut Valley 

I'eiinsylvania 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Virginia 

Noith Carolina . . . 
Sumatra 



Apr. Maj". June 



Fer ct. 
63.00 
70.00 
64.00 
61.00 
59. 00 
07. 00 
76. 50 



Per ct. 
66.00 
75.00 
67.00 
64.00 
63.00 
70. 00 
79.00 



Per ct. 
70.00 
76. 00 
71.00 
69.00 
68. 00 
75.00 
79.50 



July. 



Per ct. 
70.00 
76. 00 

68. 00 
70.00 
68. 00 
78.00 
75.50 



Per et. 
74. 00 
73. 00 
70. 00 
70. 00 
72. 00 
82.00 
79.00 



Sept. 



Fer ct. 
74. 33 

82. 33 
72. 00 
70.00 
72. 00 
80. 00 
80.50 



District. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan, 


Feb. 


Mar. 




76.90 


76.10 


74.60 


74.40 


73.60 


6!'. 30 







14 



Average nnmhe)- of rainy clays. 



District. 



Connecticnt Valley. 

Pennsylvania 

Kentucky 

Tenilessee 

Virginia 

North Carolina 

Sumatra 



Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


8 


11 


9 


10 


9 


10 


13 


10 


9 


9 


U) 


12 


12 


8 


8 


11 


11 


11 


10 


8 


11 


12 


12 


11 


12 


9 


13 


11 


14 


13 


13 


U 


12 


11 


14 



Sept. 



District. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 




15 


10 


9 


8 


6 


6 







The Sumatra tobacco imported into this country is used only for a 
wrapper for our domestic cigars; it is not suitable for fillers nor for 
any other purpose in the market. The Ilabana tobacco is suitable both 
for cigar wrapper and filler. The Connecticut tobacco which is grown 
at present is valued mainly as a wrapper and binder leaf; the reniisyl- 
vauia tobacco is used mainly as a filler, the cigars being wrapi)ed with 
a leaf from other localities. The same is true of the Ohio tobacco. The 
principal tobacco season in Cuba is about the opi^osite of our own. Sev- 
eral crops of tobacco can be grown there each season, but the main 
planting season is in IS^ovember and December, while with us it is in 
May and June. It is surprising to find so little difference in the mean 
meteorological records for these several places during the crop season. 
There does not seem to be sufficient difference to explain the distribu- 
tion of the different <dasses of tobatH;o, and yet this distribntion is 
probably due mainly to climatic conditions. 

EXPERIENCE THE ONLY SAFE TEST OF CLIMATE FOR TOBACCO. 

One must still judge, so far as the climate is concerned, maiidy from 
the experience of others as to the class of tobacco to be raised, as the 
ordinary meteorological record will be of very little value in determin- 
ing this point. The plant is far more sensitive to these meteorological 
conditions than are our instruments. Even in such a famous tobacco 
region as Cuba tobacco of good quality can not be grown in the immedi- 
ate vicinity of the ocean or in certain parts of the island, even on what 
would otherwise be considered good tobacco lands. This has been the 
experience also in Sumatra and in our own country, but the inffueuces 
are too subtle to be detected by our meteorological instruments. 

Little, therefore, can be said at the present time in regard to the 
suitable climatic condition for tobacco of any particular type or quality 



SOILS OF THE TOBACCO DISTRICTS. 

Under given climatic conditions the class and type of tobacco depend 
upon the character of the soil, especially on the physical character of 
the soil upon which it is grown, while the grade is dependent largely 



15 

upon the cultivation and curing of the crop. The different types of 
tobacco are grown on a wide range of soils all the way from the coarse, 
sandy lands of the pine barrens to the heavy clay, limestone, grass, and 
wheat lands. The best soil for one kind of tobacco, therefore, will be 
almost worthless for the staple agricultural crops, while the best for 
another type of tobacco will be the richest and most productive soil of 
any that we have. It is jiarticularly true of tobacco, to a greater extent, 
perhaps, than of any other crop, that the texture and physical proper- 
ties of the soil intlueuce the physiology of the plant to such an extent 
as to determine and control the distribution of the different widely 
distinct types of tobacco. Soils producing a heavy shipping tobacco 
will not i)rodnce tine tobacco of any variety. Soils containing a large 
proportion of clay, or which for other reasons are very retentive of 
moisture, tend to produce large, heavy plants which cure to a dark 
brown or red. A lighter, sandy soil })roduces a plant having a thinner 
and more delicate leaf, which by proper treatment can be cured to a 
bright red, mahogany, or fine yellow color. So marked is this influence 
of soil upon the qnality of the tobacco that a fine, bright tobacco land 
may be separated by only a few feet from a heavier clay soil which will 
produce only a heavy manufacturing or export leaf. 

Manures and fertilizers tend always to increase the yield ])er acre, 
but where large quantities of nitrogen are added to the soil there is a 
tendency for the leaf to become thicker, heavier, and more gnmmy. 
In the case of the fine, bright tobaccos or naturally thin-textured leaves 
tliis is apt to cause a marked deterioration in the character of the leaf; 
but with the heavier varieties this result is far from undesirable, 
because it merely increases the normal influences of the soil in making 
the leaf heavier, richer, and of more body. Considerable control can 
therefore be exercised upon the quality or grade of the leaf, not only 
by jndicious cultivation, but by proper fertilization. 

A person well acquainted with the practical work of growing tobacco 
can readily tell from a simple inspection of the soil what special kind 
of tobacco the soil will grow and in what condition the soil is for tobacco 
cultivation. There is some physical, tangible evidence that indicates 
to the experienced eye whether the conditions are favorable for tobacco 
growing, whether the land wouhl produce a given type, or whether a 
nondescript tobacco would be produced. The evidence upon which 
this judgment is based appears to be the texture or coarseness of the 
soil grains and the water content. The present investigation is based 
upon this. 

THE TEXTURE OF TOBACCO SOIL. 

The textnre of a soil can be determined very satisfactorily by the 
n)ethod of mechanical analysis which has been described in Bulletin 
!No. 4 of this division. The method consists of separating the ])arti('les 
of soil into grades of different sizes, which are esi)ecially distinguished 



16 

as saud, silt, and clay, and weighing the qnantity of each grade. The 
texture of a soil controls to a large extent its relation to water and the 
relative amount of water that it will contain. As a rule, the more clay 
a soil contains the more water it will hold; for the spaces in the clay 
soil are so exceedingly small that the water moves very slowly and a 
relatively large proportion of the rainfall is retained for the use of 
plants. Tlie texture of the soil, however, does not altogether determine 
the relative amount of water which the soil will contain, for the arrange- 
ment of the soil grains also has a very important influence upon the 
water content. If the grains are evenly distributed, as in a puddled 
soil, the soil is much more retentive of moisture than where they are 
gathered together in flocks or segregated into masses, as in a loamy 
soil; for when the si)aces in the soil between the grains are of nearly 
uniform size, as they are in a puddled soil, the movement of the water 
is very much slower than where the spac^es are of various sizes, as in a 
loamy soil. Therefore, while the texture of a soil is a very important 
factor in the classification of the tobacco lands, the structure, or the 
arrangement of the soil grains, is also an important factor which must 
be considered at the same time. The arrangement of the soil grains is 
not an easy matter to determine, and there is no satisfactory way of 
expressing the diflerence in the structure of two soils.* It is therefore 
necessary to determine the texture and to rely upon actual moisture 
determinations in the soil to determine the structure and the actual 
relation of the soil to water. 

A great many samples of soil and subsoil have been collected from 
most of the important tobacco districts, and enough of these have been 
analyzed to enable generalizations to be made as to the character of 
the soils. Continuous records have been kept for several years of the 
moisture content of the soils in one or two localities only, in some of 
the principal tobacco districts. This work shouhl be extended and 
continuous records kept of the soil condition in a number of placjes in 
each district. 

SOILS OF THE NORTHERN CIGAR TOBACCO DISTRICTS. 

The grade of tobacco used to wrap a cigar for domestic i)urposes is 
quite different from that suitable for the filler. Theoretically the w,rai>- 
\)er leaves are the best on the plant, the binders are second quality, 
while all the other leaves are used for filler i)urposes. The one i)lant, 
therefore, is supposed to produce the filler, binder, and wrai)per for the 
complete cigar. As a matter of fact, this is seldom satisfactorily accom- 
plished with the same ])lant except in Cuba and our Southern States. 
In the Northern tobacco States a plant which will produce a good 
wrapper leaf does not, as a rule, make a very good filler. Good domes- 
tic wrapper leaf is worth anywhere from four to twenty times as much 
per pound as a filler leaf, but as the filler leaf is grown on heavier soil, 
with closer planting, the yield per acre is much larger and, as the cul- 



17 

tivation and treatment of the tobacco is less ex])ensi\e, the return ])ei' 
acre, even at the low price per pound at which it is sold, can be made 
as profltable as the wrap])er. 

The Pennsylvania tiller is seldom wrapped now with its own leaf. It 
is wra])i)ed with either a Cuban, Sun)atra, Connecricut \'allcy, or Wis- 
consin wra])per. A Connecticut wrai)i)cr seldom wiai)s its own leaves, 
but is used on a Cuban, Pennsylvania, Ohio, or AVisconsin Idler. The 
present prevailing .<>rade in the Connecticut Valley is a wrap])er h'af, t'he 
second quality being used as binder. In Pennsylvania at the ])resent 
time the quality is a filler leaf, excei)t on the river lands, where a light, 
thin-textured leaf is produced, which makes wrappers of a superior 
quality. The New York lands produce a good type of wra])per, and the 
crop at present is mainly a wrapper and binder grade. The Ohio 
tobacco is essentially a filler, and is covered with a Cuban, Sumatra, 
Connecticut Valley, or Wisconsin wrajiper. The tobacco lands of Wis- 
consin appear to be nearly an average of the other States, ainl to pro- 
duce in nearly ecpial excellence a wrapper and a filler leaf. It is 
commonly called a binder State. 

THE OONNECTICUT VALLEY SOILS. 

The tobacco soils of the Connecticut Valley are confined at ])resent 
to the light, allnvial, sandy terraces and plains l)ordering the Connec- 
ticut Iliver from northern Massachusetts down to within aiew miles of 
the Sound. (See Plates III and IV.) These soils are the general type 
of the early truck soils of the Atlantic Coast. As a rule the lighter the 
texture — thatis,thelessclay they contain — the thinnerthetextureof the 
tobacco leaf and the more elastic, i)liable and better the wrapi)er it will 
make. The yield per acre, however, on these very liglit soils is very 
small, and the care necessary to keep the plant growing and to ])rotect 
it from the occasional di-ought is exi)ensive: so that there is a liinit of 
profitable i)roduction. On these light soils the plant nmst be kept 
growing at all hazards, for if the growth is retarded by too great a 
deficiency of water at any time, the i)lant will be small and the leaves 
thick and harsh. With continuous and rapid growth, such as is 
secured on these soils in favorable seasons, the leaf is of very thin tex- 
ture, silky, pliable, light-colored, and admirably adapted for a cigar 
wrai)]ier. Unquestionably some form of irrigation could be ])rofital)ly 
ado])ted on these soils. It is the ex])eriin(e in Florida that if the idant 
can be kept growing by frecpient rains or by judicious irrigation, the 
maturity of the crop can be greatly hastened; so that the growing- 
season is only about hall" as long as it would be under unfavorable 
weather conditions. Every possible means siiould be taken to secure a 
continuous growth, and any check, however slight it may seem, must 
be regarded as a positive injury to the quality of the ])roiluct if it is to 
be used as a wrapper leaf. The wrapper should have little body and 
but little flavor. 

8564— No. 11 li 



18 

The binder is a low-grade wrapper wliicli. fiom its quality or appear- 
ance or both, is not suitable for the outside covering' of the cigar. 

The filler leaf, being worth much less per ]>ound than the wrapper, is 
too often neglected in this country, and when cured is but little better 
than dried leaves or has a very rank, strong flavor. This is a very great 
mistake, as the filler, forming the main bulk of the cigar, should give it 
character and flavor. Too much care and attention could not be given 
to the growing and fermenting of the filler leaf^ were it not for tlie 
fact that the market demands a good-looking cigar above all else. The 
quality is a very much smaller factor in determining the market value. 
The filler should always be a leaf of good body and much stronger and 
richer in its flavor than the iiresent type of wrapper. The rich, heavy 
clay soils of Pennsylvania and Ohio are admirably adapted to produce 
a rich, heavy filler leaf. Unfortunately, the methods of curing and 
fermentation are not so controlled as to develop the best (quality of the 
leaf, as is done in Cuba. 

The accomiianying table gives the average results of the mechanical 
analyses, showing the texture of a number of subsoils of the Northern 
cigar tobacco lands: 

Mechanical analyses of suhsoils. 



m 






Ci 




^ 


'^ . 




-a X 


73 ^ 


^ 


+3 ^ 


.A 


"p. 




Principal grade 


.2 ft 


C3 


^ . 


id 


n 




d 


-§ 


o ~^ 


"3 


District. 


of leaf produced 

at the 

present yme. 


|i 


.2 S3 




K in 

ei 1 






1^ 

&2 


^1 


in 




^2; 






P.ct. 


o 

p.ct. 


^ 


O 


^^ 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


M 


Pro 


o° 








p.ct 


P.ct. 


p.ct. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


9 


Connecticut . . . 


Wrapper and 
binder. 
..do 


0.76 


2.53 


1.03 


3.26 


9.9'J 


22.62 


45.47 


10.41 


1.36 


2.32 


r^ 


ISIassacliiisetts . 
New York 


.61 
1.06 


2.20 
2.82 


.00 
1. 94 


.04 

2.80 


.71 
9.02 


10,09 
24.47 


49.26 
32. 52 


30.89 
15.09 


2.71 
3.09 


3 31 


10 


do 


7.43 


5 


Peunsvlvania,a 


do 


2.03 


.t. 23 


.67 


1.23 


5.87 


6.62 


37.18 


23.41 


5.21 


13. 80 


10 


Wisconsin 

Oliio 




4.70 
3.05 


2.93 
2.67 


.59 
.39 


1.09 
.76 


4.98 
2.25 


10.34 


Ifi (iS 


31.04 
37.60 


6.01 


9'^ 7fi 


4 


Filler 


5.04 15.36 


6.41 27.52 





Penusylvauia b 


do 


3.61 


4.47 


.68 


.78 


.91 


2. 47i 13.89 34.23 


9.791 29.27 

















a River land and slialy limestone. 
h Trenton limestone. 

It will be seen from the table that the tobacco soils of the Con- 
necticut Valley, both in Massachusetts and in Connecticut, contain on 
the average considerably less than 5 per cent of clay. These soils are 
too light in texture for any of the staple farm crops. They are adapted 
to the quick-growing spring vegetables, but are not used to any great 
extent for these crops, except immediately around flie cities and larger 
towns. The conditions seem to be peculiarly adapted to this particular 
grade of wrap])er leaf tobacco. 

FASHION AS A FACTOR IN THE VALUE OF TOBACCO SOILS. 



It must not be forgotten, however, that fashion has much to do in 
the consuin])tion of cigars. »lust at present the demand is for light 
wrappers and mild-snioking cigars. A few years ago the demand was 
for heavier cigars, and these light soils of Connecticut had little or no 



Bull. No. 1 1, U S Dept Agr., Div, Soils 



Plate III. 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
DIVISION ar SOILS. 

THE TEXTIRG OF A TYPICAL CKiAR T()15 \CC() LAND OI CON.NFiCIICl I. 



Gravs!. 
1.03 



Per Cent of Gravel. Sand. Silt, and Clay in 20 Grams of Subsoil. 
Ciar^'! samf. Met/mm ianti- Fine snnii. Very fine santJ. Silt Fine sift. 

3.26 9.92 22.62 45.47 I0.4I 1.36 







m_ 




Cliif. 
2.32 



m 



DIAVIETEH OF THE GH.-\INS IN M I LLI M E lEI-JS. 



Bull. No. n , U. S Dept Agr , Div. Soils. 



Plate IV. 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

DIVISION OF SOILS. 
IHl; TE.VIl WE OF A TVS'ICAI. CKiAR TOBACCO LAND Ol- M ASSACHtSI; IT ! 



Per Cent of Ciavel. Sand. Silt, and Clay in 20 Crams of Subsoil. 

Oratel Coarse sand Uejnim san.l. Fine siiiii/ Ver) line sum/ Sill FiiK sill 

O.OO 0.O4 0.71 10.09 49.26 30.S9 2.71 



J3 



■ ft 




*~ 



.25-.! .l-.OE 



.05-.01 .01 .Oi>5 



DIAMETEH OF TH K G H A 1 NS l.\ ,V1 11 ..L I .VI L rKf-iS. 



Chir 
■i.-.M 



19 

value then for tobacco and were lying out as waste land. At that time 
the tobacco was i,rown mainly on the heavier soils and on tlie "meadow 
lands" of the Connecticut A'alley. Strangely enough, there is little or 
no difference in the texture of these meadow soils compared with the 
light, sandy soils now used for tobacco, except that they usually con- 
tain a larger i)roportion of silt. 

They are, however, probably by reason of their structure, very reten- 
tive of moisture and contain upwards of from 23 to 27 percent of moist- 
ure, while the finest types of tobacco land in the Connecticut Valley 
contain only about 7 per cent. These meadow soils are therefore not 
used for tobacco at present, but if in the course of events the style 
should change and dark wrappers come into vogue, these lands will 
again be taken n\) and the present tobacco lands will have to be aban- 
doned or used for other crops. 

PENNSYLVANIA (^IGAll TOHACCO LANDS. 

The tobacco soils of Pennsylvania are confined mainly to the com- 
paratively narrow belt bordering the Susquehanna IJiver and to the 
broad expanse of limestone soils typically developed in York and Lan- 
caster counties. 

The better class of tobacco lands in I'ennsylvania, and those which 
produce by far the finest wrapper leaf, are the light, alluvial soils along 
the river, many of them similar in texture to the tobacco soils of the 
Connecticut Valley. The main crop, however, of the Pennsylvania 
tobacco has been grown on the limestone soils of York and Lancaster 
counties. This is a continuation of the great limestone valley extend- 
ing down through Maryland and Virginia and to the great area of the 
Trenton limestone formation in Ohio and Kentucky, tbrming the great 
blue grass region of these States upon which the white burley tobacco 
is at present grown. 

This limestone soil, as it is exposed in the tobacco districts of Penn- 
sylvania, is a strong clay soil, well adapted to grass, wheat, and corn. 
It forms one of the most productive areas in the State of Pennsylvania, 
and in this respect it is markedly different from the tobacco lands of 
the Connecticut Valley. There is considerable variety in the texture 
of the soils, as the limestone itself is not i)ure, but is mixed with shale. 
The amount of clay, therefore, in these Pennsylvania lands varies from 
about 1.3.8 percent in the river soils and in the very shaly limestone 
soils to 20.27 per cent on the average in the pure limestone soils. (See 
Plate V.) The former grade of soils is preferred Just at present to the 
very heavy ones, as they produce a better grade of wrai)per leaf. By 
proper cultivation, close planting, and especially by pro])er fermenta- 
tion and grading of the leaf, the (][uality of the tiller grown oh the heavy 
limestone soils could unquestionably be greatly improved. 

It has not been feasible for agents of this division personally to 
examine the soils of the tobacco districts of Kew York. (See Plate \' I.) 
A large number of soil samples were collected, however, through rep- 



20 

resentative growers, whose names were furnished by the Tobacco 
Growers' Association. The samples were accompanied by full notes 
upon the character of the soil, the native vegetation, and the quality 
of the tobacco grown. A number of these soils have been analyzed, 
and the results show on the average that the soils contain rather more 
clay than the soils of the Connecticut Valley. They are much lighter 
in texture than the Pennsylvania tobacco soils. 

OHIO CIGAR TOliACCO LANDS. 

The cigar tobacco district of Ohio is situated in the southwestern 
part of tlie State and includes the country bordering the Miami liiver, 
INIoutgomery, Darke, and Preble counties fonuiug the center of the 
district. The Miami Valley, in the tobacco area, is from 2 to .5 miles 
wide, level, and extremely fertile. Bordering the valley are upland 
rolling hills. Broad terraces extend back from the river in a number 
of places, giving second bottoms, beyond which come the great rolling 
red lands upon which tobacco is raised with great success. These 
soils are well drained, with numerous streams flowing out from between 
hills. Farther back on the level prairies the land is inclined to be wet 
and needs thorough underdrainage to be profitably cropped. Through- 
out the whole tobacco area, underdrainage is i)racticed to a large 
extent. 

The soil is derived from drift material which has been worked over 
and modified by subsecjuent action of water. (See Plate VII.) The 
underlying rock is the Lower Silurian limestone shale, but it forms no 
feature of the surface, as it is covered by the drift material. There is 
quite a variety in the character of the soil, owing to the heterogeneous 
nature of the material from which it has been derived. The bottom 
soils are, as a rule, much lighter in character than the upland soils. 
The second and third bottoms, in cases where they occur, are level ter- 
races. The soils vary much, the black i)rairie soil and the red silty soil 
j)redominating. The soils of the rolling uplands are more unitbrm in 
character. The timber is mainly sugar tree, and on this sugar-tree 
laud the finest type of tobacco is produced. The sugar-tree soil is a 
thin, uniform, silty soil, with red clay or silty subsoil. The lower levels 
of this upland contain considerable areas of black land, which is con- 
sidered the best land in the district for general agricultural purposes, 
but which ])roduce too heavy a leaf and one of poor flavor, so that it is 
not desirable for tobacco culture. Wheat, corn, hay, and tobacco con- 
stitute the staple crops of the district, although on the sandy river 
lands truck and fruit growing are carried on to a large extent. 

Three types of cigar leaf are raised in this district. The most ])opu- 
lar at jiresent is the Zimmer Spanish. This has small leaves about lii 
inches long, of very fine texture and flavor. It produces about 1,000 
pounds per acre. The old Ohio seed leaf is a very large, heavy leaf, 
20 inches or more in length, and produces from 1,500 to 2,(>00 ]>*'i^"tls 
per acre. This is little grown in the district at the present time. The 



Bull. No. 1 1 , U. S Dept Agr., D,v. Soils 



Plate V. 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT nE ACHIIJiLTIlRE, 

DIVISION OF SOIL-S. 
nil: IKMlRIi Ol- ,\ IM>IC.M. CUiAk' lOliACCO LAND Ol ^>I!^N>^ lA \M\ 



Per Cent of Gravel. Sand, Silt, and Clay in 20 Grains of Subsoil, 



^ 






]iz^ 



U— ,J 



?F 




DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN MILLIMETEI 



£t 



Bull. No 1 1, U, S Dept Ag.., Div, Soil 



Plate VI 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

DIVISION OF SOILS. 
THE TEXTl'RE OF A TYPICAL CKiAH TOBACCO I.ANr) OF NKW SOVk, 



Per Cent of Gravel, Sand, Silt, and Clay in 20 Cran\ft of Subsoil. 

Grave/. Coarse son'' ¥e'i'tim santl. Fine sand Very fine sanii Si/f. fine silt. 

1.94 2. SO 9.02 24.47 32.52 15 09 3.09 



mi^ 




Chif. 
7.43 



I 



.5- 25 .25-.! 



.1-.05 ,05-.01 



DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN M III .1 M f-. lEI iS. 



Bull. No. 1 I, U. S Dept. Agt., Div Soils 



Plate VII. 





II 



21 

Little Dutch lias a thick, short, narrow leaf which produces about 1,200 
pounds i)er acre and was at one time very extensively grown. These 
tobaccos are grown aluiost ex(dusively for tiller i)urposes. 

It will be seen from the table already given that these soils have a 
large i)ercentage of clay. 

WISCONSIN 'I OBACCO SOTTAS. 

The Wisconsin tobacco is used both as a wrap[»er and filler leaf to 
some extent, but it is known in tiie markets as a binder State. The 
character of the leaf is midway between the Connecticut wrapper and 
the Pennsylvania filler. 

The tobacco is grown in the southern part of the State on the prairies 
and oak openings. The prairies are a dark, rich loam, resting on a 
rather heavy silt or clay. The oak openings have a loam lighter in 
color but about the same in texture. Both are gently rolling and, as a 
rule, have good surfa<;e and under drainage. In texture the Wisconsin 
lands come between the Couuecticut and the heavier limestone soils of 
I'enusylvauia. (See IMate VIII.) 

SOILS OF THE SOUTHERN CIGAR TOBACCO DISTRICTS. 

Tobacco has been grown for many years in Florida, esj^ecially in the 
western i>art of the State. The tobacco grown there is mainly the 
Cuban type of cigar wrapi)er and filler, with some Sumatra lately intro- 
duced. The recent scarcity of Hat)ana tobacco has given a great im- 
])etus to the cultivation of the crop in Florida, and very extensive 
arrangements have been nnide to introduce it to a large extent in the 
central part of the peninsula. 

The accom[)anying table gives the average texture of the cigar tobacco 
soils of the Southern States: 

Miclniincdl (UUili/scs of siilisoils. 



Locality. 



29 Florida, peu- 
iiisiila 



4 I Florida, (Jad.s- 

(Icn Couutv. 

4 do .'. 



Gradti of loaf. 



Texas 

California 



Sumatra 

Cuba (Vuelta 

Aba.io). 
Cuba (Keme- 
dios). 



^lBiii-(io]i wrap- 
jier, hinder 
tiller. 'Sucker- 
crop lilk-r. 

Same, grades rt. .. 

Same g r a de s, 

subsoil. 

Same grades 

Wrapper and 

filler. 

Wrapper 

Wrapper and 

tiller. 
Same, heavier. . . 



en { 

3 



P.<t.\P.ct. P.et. 
0. 62 1. 73 0. 26 



.23 .46 
1.2S 3. ill 



1.63 
2.94 



7.48 l'>. 41 j 1.44 
.74 3.80 ; 4.06 



5.17 llO.Ol I 1.31 



:^2. 1 h,= 



I'.Cf. I P.ct. P.ct. 
2.60 18.94 r)].53 



4.5. 53 
35. 15 



6.58 
5.49 



4.39 
4.62 



24.55 
19.44 



37. 05 
27. 33 



16.15 
21.67 



P.ct. 
18.95 



14.93 
13. 39 



14.16 

12.85 



17.17 
43.01) 



d 




o - 


li 


p.ct. 


P.ct. 


1.33 


0.59 


4.15 


.80 


3.37 


1.07 



8.90 1.59 
13.37 I 2.18 



19.11 ! 4.35 
6.53 1.82 



ia 



p.ct. 
3.21 



5.15 
29. 30 



4.70 

10. 77 



5. 00 
5.69 



11.24 I 9.37 32.32 



a A ligbt loam, averagiug 12 to 18 inches deep, overlying tbe red clay. 



22 

OiaAR TOBACf'O SOTLS OF WESTERN FLORIDA. 

Tlie soils of the older (iadsden County district in the western part 
of the State are very different from any others which occur in Florida. 
They are tlie characteristic " red-land'' soil of the Lafayette formation, 
similar to those found at Wedgetield and Aiken, S. C, which extend 
south through Georgia and form some of the western counties of Florida, 
with (Juincy as a center. The soil is a light loam resting" on a very 
strong red clay. The clay is exposed in all cuts and in the washings of 
the land, and is usually found from 8 to J 8 inches below the surface. 
The country is quite rolling, well wooded with hard-wood trees, and in 
the early spring it has the fresh green appearance of the country in the 
Vall'ey of Virginia and in the tobacco area of Pennsylvania. 

Both the Cuban and Sumatra types of tobacco are grown here, and 
both are used for wrappers as well as fillers. Unlike the imported 
Sumatra tobacco, the tobacco grown in Florida from Sumatra seed 
loses much of its bitter taste, while the sucker crop and inferior leaves 
are cured up with more body and are much better adapted to filler 
purposes. 

A single plantation in Gadsden County had last year 000 acres in 
tobacco and, with the crops bougJht of the farmers in the surrounding 
country, the com[)auy owning the plantation cured and packed upward 
of 2,r)00 bales. The season is so long that two crops of tobacco can be 
produced in the same year, or two or three sucker crops can be grown 
after the main cutting has been taken. The sucker crop is stronger, 
heavier, and darker, and is used only as a filler. 

It will be seen from the table that these red subsoils contain about 
30 per cent of clay, and therefore compare in texture with the soils of 
the Ohio seed leaf district and with the stronger soils of Pennsylvania. 
The top soil, however, is quite a light loam, and the character of the land 
as a tobacco soil depends largely u^jon tJie depth and character of the 
red-clay subsoil. These lands are notable in another resi)ect, which 
seems to be characteristic of this formation generally, namely, they 
maintain on an average only about 8 or 10 per cent of moisture against 
20 to 22 per cent maintained by the Pennsylvania and the Ohio lands. 

CIGAR TOEACCO SOILS OF THE FLORIDA PENINSULA. 

Outside of this area in western Florida most important developments 
have recently been made around Ocala, Bartow, and Fort Meade. At 
Fort Meade particularly there is a well organized company, managed 
by Cubans, with a large area in tobacco. The first crop was made last 
year. This was cured and fermented according to the Cuban processes, 
and without waiting to mellow with age, as is necessary to bring out the 
finest qualities of a tobacoo, the crop was sold at Tampa for a very 
satisfactory f>rice. 

Tobacco growing on the peninsula is essentially a new industry, and 
comparatively little experience has been available except what has 



Bu:l. No. 1 1, U. S Dept A^r , Div Soils. 



Plate Vlll. 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 



DIVISION OF SOIi_S. 



THE TEXTURE OF A TYPICAL CIOAR TOBACCO I \M) or WISCONSIV. 



Per Cent of Gravel, Sand. Silt, and Clay in 20 Cr.ims of Subsoil. 
Gritrtl. C&arsf sand Mei/ium sand. Fine sand Vei-y iint sand. $>■; f-f:e njit 

0.59 1.09 4.98 10.34 15.68 31.04 6.01 



m^y Ur" ^. 



ill 11 



II 




.05-.OI .01.005 005.0001 



DIAMETER OF THE GRAIN.S IN :M 1 L.LI .M ETER; 



23 

been collected (luring the past year. The industry has been developed 
ui)on the post-oak lands around Ocala, which are considered the best 
type of tobacco lands in that locality, and u])on the hammock lands at 
Bartow and Fort Meade. There are large areas of these soils in the 
State which can be developed through the tobacco interest, and there 
is every reason to believe that the venture will be very successful. 
There is no reason to doubt that many of the pine lands are well suited 
to tobacco. 

There is very little difference in the texture of the post-oak lands, 
the hammock lands at Fort Meade, and the pine lands. The difference 
in the soil which causes the distribution in the forest growth api)ears 
to be nuiinly due to the difference in the water content of the soils, a^ 
will be explained in another |)lace. The soils are all very light and 
sandy. It will be seen from the table that tliey contain on an average 
less than 4 per cent of clay and less than (5 per cent of silt, fine silt, 
and clay. They contain over 50 per cent of "fine sand," so that they 
are relatively rather coarse and open. jSTotwithstanding this open 
texture, the hammock soil at Fort Meade contains on an average about 
8 per cent of water throughout the season, which is about as much as 
the tobacco lands of the Connecticut Valley contain. This water con- 
tent, moreover, is for some reason more uniform, and Ihe laud can go 
for some time without rain with no serious injuiy to the crops. Never- 
theless, the planters have been greatly benefited by Judicious systems 
of irrigation through overhead sprays. By thus keeping the plants 
continually and rapidly growing the crop will mature in forty-five 
days from the time the i)lants are set out. On account of the length of 
the season tobacco can be grown almost continually through the year, 
and crops can be set out almost every month in the year. Usually two 
or three crops are made and two or three sucker crops are produced. 
There is undoubtedly a vast area of land in Florida suited to tobacco, 
and the climate is unquestionably favorable for the production of a 
very fine quality of leaf. A very intelligent method of growing and 
fermenting is being practiced, and there is no reason why the industry 
should not be successful. 

For a great commercial success there nuist be a large quantity of 
tobacco for the manufacturers to depend on in maintaining particular 
brands of cigars. The method of curing and sweating can be more eco- 
nomically and successfully done in large bulk than in small quantities. 
The experience of the growers in Cuba and Sumatra, that the tobacco 
grown near the water has an inferior burn, nuist be given due con- 
sideration in extending the industry toward the coast and developing it 
in the lake regions of the State. 

It has not been fea.sible for agents of the Department to make a per- 
sonal investigation of the soils of the new tobacco districts which are 
being developed in Texas and in southern California. A number of 
samples of soil have been received from prominent growers from both 



24 

States and have been analyzed in the Division. The results as given 
in the table show that the soils agree very well with the liner grade of 
cigar to])acco lands. The general climatic conditions, however, are dif- 
ferent, and great care and judgment should be used in selecting suitable 
locations for the industry. 

BRIGHT TOBACCO LANDS. 

The bright yelloAV tobacco used for cigarettes, plug wrappers, fillers, 
and cutting is grown mainly in Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- 
lina, and East Tennessee. (See Plate IX.) It is, however, produced in 
smaller quantities in several of the other Southern. States. Wherever 
it is grown the industry is confined to a certain type of soil. The con- 
ditions in Granville and Buncombe counties, X. C, and around Danville, 
Va., are typical of the conditions upon whicli the imlustry is based. 

The typical bright tobacco land consists of a loose, porous sand, con- 
taining not more than 8 or 10 per cent of clay. This sand must be at 
least 1-5 inches deep. Manj^ areas are cultivated in which the sand 
extends to a depth of 5 or 10 feet or more, and a very fine quality of 
tobacco is produced. As a general rule the less clay the soil contains 
and the deeper the sand the finer the (piality of tlie tobacco, providing it 
keeps growing continuously. The trouble with such very light soils 
is that they produce but a small yield per acre and there is danger of 
drought, which would check the growth of the plant and cause the 
leaves to thicken. It is for this reason, therefore, that it is preferred 
to have the sand underlaid at a depth of 18 to 22 inches by a heavier 
clay, which tends to conserve the moisture sui)ply of the soil and ren- 
ders the plant less subject to the injurious etfects of what would other- 
wise prove a severe drought. 

Tlie clay which underlies the bright tobacco lands of Virginia and 
North Carolina is the same as that upon whicli the heavy manufactur- 
ing and export tobacco is grown. Where this clay is exi)oscd to the 
surface the heavy type of tobacco is produced ; where it is covered from 
12 to 20 inches with fine-grained sand the bright tobacco is produced 
the most profitably. 

The country throughout these regions is generally quite rolling, with 
numerous "draws," or natural ditches, and streams, so that the land is 
well drained. The sandy covering is usually found on the ridges or 
slightly elevated ])lateaus, while the heavy clay may be exi)osed within 
a few feet, and the two ty{)es of tobacco success;ully grown upon the 
same farm. For this reason it has never been easy to define the areas 
of the two types of tobacco, for they are botli grown in the same coun- 
ties and frequently on the same farm. 

The accompanying table shows an average of 44 samples of the sub- 
soils of the bright tobacco lands which have been examined, and they 
contain about 8 ])er cent of clay. This is (]uite uniform, the extreme 
rangv for profitable tobacco culture being i)robably between and 12 



Bull. No, I 1, U. S Dept Ag,,, D'v Sons 



Plate IX. 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

DIVISION OF SOILS. 
THE TEXIURE OF A TYPICAL BRIGHT TOBACCO LAM) OF VIR(jlMA AM) NOI^TH CAkOI i.NA. 



Per Cent of Gravel, Sand, Silt, and Clay in 20 Grams of Sub.soil. 
Gravel. Coarse sand. Metfium sand. Fine sand. Very tine sand. Silt. fine silt. Cln^ 

2.57 6.39 13.67 22.02 23.45 14. OS 5.43 S.23 



W>^ 



■-:S3L": 




l^p^.^^MsSS- 



!-.5 .5-, 25 .25-.! .1-.05 .05-.01 .01-.005 .005-.OOOI 

DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN MILLIMETERS. 



25 



per cent. The cliaraeter of the red chiy subsoil is also shown for 
mauufacturiug tobacco district of Virginia: 

Mechaubal anahjSiS of siibsoih. 



the 






Locality. 



Yircinia aud 
Noitli Caro- 
lina. 

Kentucky and 
Tennessee. 

Kentucky and 
Ohio. 

Virarinia 



l)oscri])tion. 



I g I s 

,S I O 



O ^ 



r. ct. r. ct. p. ct. p. ct. r. ct. 

Britiht yellow...' 1.10 2.24 ' 2.57 6.39 13.67 

Export 2. 23 3. 00 I .39 . 56 1 .73 

White Innley... 3.48 4.42 .64 1.63 ^ 1.44 

Manufacturing . 5. 55 | 7. 87 I 1. 22 2. 05 i 3. 47 



a 3 


S5 


o 


1 

o ^ 

2.9 


© = 


U= 


o a 


Sm 
«§ 


















PhS 


(>ii 


in 


^ 


P.ct. 


P.o;. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


22.02 


23.45 


14.08 


5.43 


1.93 


9.50 


52. 50 


6.28 


\. 22 


7.04 


39. 77 


9. 36 


6.94 


9.45 


11.29 


7.67 



P. ct. 
8.23 



22. 59 
31.62 
44.38 



As the relation of the phj^sical properties of the soil is not thoronghly 
understood or i)ractically recognized by the growers, a large amount of 
land is now cultivated in bright tobacco which is not suited to this 
plant and which does not produce a good grade. On the other hand, 
there are large areas not at i)resent under cultivation which could be 
developed into very fine tobacco lands. The typical bright tobacco soil 
is of little value for any of the staple farm crops, although, when suit- 
ably located near transportation lines, it is admirably adapted to the 
production of early vegetables, watermelons, and sweet i)otatoes. 

MANUFACTURING TOBACCO LANDS OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH 

CAROLINA. 

T>efore the deve]o])nient of the white buiiey industry the strong 
red-clay soils around Charlottesville, Lynchburg, and Danville, Va., 
and in Granville and neighboring counties of North Carolina were 
extensively used lor the production of the typical Virginia, manufactur- 
ing and export tobacco. These areas are located mainly on the gabbro, 
gneiss, and Lafayette clays. The material is quite uniform, the subsoils 
containing from 30 to oO ])er cent of clay. (See Plate X.) They are 
very productive and are well suited to the stajde farm crops, such as 
grass, wheat, and corn. Since the introduction of the White Bnrley 
tobacco, however, there has been a very noticeable decrease in the 
acreage in Virginia, especially of the soil adapted to the heavier types 
of tobacco, and the cultivation of tobacco on these lands has been almost 
abandoned. Tlie industry is confined now principally to small areas 
along rivers, streams, or creeks and upon recent deposits which can 
not well be referred to any of the older geological formations and which 
can not well be examined without a detailed examination of the larger 
part of the State. 

The same remark holds true in regard to the tobacco industry in 
North Carolina. A great change has taken place very recently, and 
the acreage devoted to the heavier type of tobacco has been consider- 
ably reduced. These heavy clay lands are being used for other crops, 



26 

aud tlietobarco is grown upon limited areas in certain districts where 
the quality of the tobacco produced is such as to make it reasonably 
profitable. Here, again, it is iinjiossible to make any statement in 
regard to the tobacco district without making a detailed study of the 
soils of the State. There seems to be no general type of soil. The 
tobacco grown upon the soil which was formerly cultivated most exten- 
sively is no longer profitable. 

The table shows that these soils, which a very few years ago would 
have been considered the typical manufacturing tobacco land, contain 
on an average over 40 per cent of clay and have thus a larger content 
of clay than the soils of any other tobacco district. 

THE W^HITE BURLEY TOBACCO LANDS OP KENTUCKY AND 

OHIO. 

The white burley tobacco is confined to the well-marked type of soil 
of the Lower Silurian limestone in central and north central Kentucky 
and the adjacent counties of Ohio. This embraces the blue grass 
region of Kentucky, and it is upon these tine, fertile, blue grass soils 
that the white burley is grown. (See Plate XI.) 

The country has the general appearance of an old limestone region, 
generally rolling and with frequent depressions, sinks, and caves. The 
hills, 400 to 500 feet high, bordering the Ohio River and extending 
from C to 10 miles back, are generally steep, and fields are often culti- 
vated in tobacco with slopes as great as 45 degrees. The valleys are 
narrow, winding, and V-shaped, and no bottom lands are found except- 
ing along the larger rivers and streams. The country back from the 
hills on the Ohio side is generally rolling. The drainage is excellent. 

The tobacco lands on the Ohio side are all within the hills on the 
Ohio Eiver and confined to two kinds of soil, popularly known as the 
"sugar-tree land-' and "beech land." The beech lands lie low in the 
valley and are inclined to be wet, and do not produce the finest (luality 
of leaf. The sugar-tree lands lie well up in the valleys and are consid- 
ered the typical white burley soil. Back from the hills, in Ohio, the soil 
becomes white, wet, and "crawfishy " and does not produce a fine quality 
of burley. These fiat lands are of drift origin, timbered with white oak, 
and usually need to be underdrained in order to produce well. 

In Kentucky the tobacco area is confined to the Trenton and Hudson 
Eiver limestones. Phosphatic limestone is frequently met with, while 
chert occurs only si>aringly through the area. 

The soils are all heavy clay of a uniform deep red color. The depth 
of the soil varies considerably, the rocks outcropping in many places, 
especially on the hillsides. Around Lexington the rock is on the 
average about C feet below the surface, while in the northern counties 
it is at a greater depth than this. The top soil is of light, loamy char- 
acter, not inclined to form into clods when properly cultivated. The 
soil is adapted to grass, wheat, and corn, and has made famous the 
world over the blue grass region of Kentucky. It is seen from the table 
(page 25) that the subsoil contains on an average about 30 per cent of clay. 



Bull. No. I 1 . U, S Dept Agr., Div Sons, 



Plate X. 



UNITHn STATES UHPAHTMENT OF ACHICIILTUHE, 

OIVISION OF SOILS. 



THi; in.xnKi: or \ rvpicvi m-wi i ach wr.N(i iouacco i .\Nr) <>i \ip(,im,\. 



p. . C.I.; of Cr.ivel. SanU, Silt, and Clay in 20 Gram-, of Subsoil. 

'1 ■■• , -.1 sanrf. fine sanil l/ery /me sort./ S:ll f,„, >- 

2 05 3.74 6.94 9.4.'5 u 29 



67 44.38 



•?«? f^- 



li Q IN I 



l)IAMErt:H OF Illl,. ,,(,' 



-\ : \ -^ \ 



Bull, No. 1 1, U, S. Dept Agr., Div. Soils 



Plate XI. 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

DIVISION OF SOILS. 
THE TEXTUKK Ol- A TYPICAL I5LKLHY TOBACCO LAND OF KENTICKY AM) OHIO. 



Per Cent of Crrtvel, Sand. Silt, and Clay in 20 Crams of Subsoil. 

Cl'Cirif .'Uf.,/ UeOwia sanil. fun 5ii/i./ Vtirr line snnrf. Silt. Finf silt Claji. 

1.63 1.44. 1.22 7.04 SS 77 9.36 31.62 



*iW'? 






OF THE CR.X.NS ,\ 




27 

EXPORT TOBACCO LANDS OF KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE. 

The dark, heavy varieties of tobaeco adapted to the export trade are 
exteusively grown in western Kentucky and Tennessee on silty soils 
which are quite fertile in character. The whole area is divided into a 
nnniber of districts, such as Clarksville, Hopkinsville, Jackson's Pur- 
chase, and the Green Eiver district, but the character of the soil is 
quite uniform in all of these; the class of tobacco grown is generally 
the same. In each district the types of tobacco adapted to the foreign 
markets are grown, the types ap])earing to depend less upon the charac- 
ter of the soil than upon the character of the season, the cultivation, 
and curing of the cro}). 

The general character of the country is level or gently rolling, with 
broken and hilly country along the large water courses. Much of this 
land was formerly devoid of forest growth and called barrens. It was 
a prairie region, with trees only along the water courses, and prairie 
fires are supposed to have annually swept over the country. Since the 
coujitry has become settled and the large fires prevented, a luxuriant 
forest growth of hickory and oak has covered the land. The soils are 
classed by Saftbrd as "rich barrens." The term "barrens" is not to be 
taken literally to mean poor soil. 

The counties of Kentucky bordeiing the Tennessee line are generally 
level, with occasional stretches of rugged country along the water 
courses, but with a soil of quite uniform texture. The southern boundary 
of the tobacco area is the Cumberland River, while the northern 
boundary is the carboniferous hills of Kentucky. The tobacco district 
stretches around these hills, following the subcarbouiferous strata as 
far as the Ohio River on either side. 

SOILS ARE HALF SILT. 

The soils are mainly derived from the St. Louis group of the subcar- 
bouiferous, which are mainly limestone. (See Plate XII.) The disinte- 
grated material is so thick that the rock is seldom exposed, except where 
the material has been recently eroded. The drainage is excellent, and 
numerous sinks and caves are found through the country. The soil, 
whether upland or bottom, level or hilly, is usually of a decided silty 
character, closely approaching loess in texture. The subsoil has a 
typical bright red color, which extends to a considerable depth. Where 
this red color changes to a pale yellow or white, the land becomes craw- 
fishy and can only be profitably cultivated after underdrainage. The 
lack of color indicates a deficient drainage within recent times and is 
due to the deoxidation of the iron compound in the decay of organic 
matters and the absence of sufficient oxygen from other sources to 
provide for the proper oxidation of the organic matter. 

It will be seen from the table that these soils contain on an average 
about 50 per cent of silt. It ranges from about 40 to CO per cent, some 
samples exceeding even tins latter figure. With all such silty soils 
great care has to be taken in their cultivation. They are naturally 



28 

quite fertile, but deteriorate very rapidly and excessively unless tlie 
fertility is maintained l)y judicious methods of cultivation and of cro})- 
ping. Many of these tobacco soils have been run down with constant 
cropping- in tobacco, but some of the worst cases have recently been 
brought up by rotation with wheat, corn, and clover, together with a 
judicious application of fertilizers, especially phosphatic manures. The 
value of careful tillage is becoming more apparent in the whole area, 
and it is generally recognized now that the quality of the tobacco and 
the price it brings on the market can be very materially inliuenced by 
the kind and condition of the cultivation. 

The soils of the Lower Green Eiver district lie witliin the carboniferous 
strata along the Green lliver, and, although these are underlaid Avith 
sandstone, the soil proper presents the uniform silty character of the 
other export tobacco districts. 

The JacksonVs Purchase region, lying between the Tennessee and 
Mississii)pi rivers, is made up mainly of loess and loam, and has the 
same silty character as the other districts and produces essentially the 
same type of tobacco. 

The accompanying diagram (Plate XIII) illustrates graphically the 
relative proportion of the sand, silt, and clay in the soil adapted to differ- 
ent classes and types of tobacco, and shows, upon careful study, a 
marked relation between the texture of the soil and the grade of 
tobacco produced. A detailed statement of the analyses upon which 
these summaries are based is given in the table at the end of the 
bulletin. 

THE RELATIVE WATER CONTENT OE TOBACCO SOILS. 

It has been stated that a classitication can be made of the tobacco 
soils in accordance with their texture, as this determines to a large 
extent the water content of the soils and the amount of water at the 
disposal of the crop. The texture is not the sole factor, however, whicli 
determines the water content; so it has been necessary to keep actual 
records of the water content of some of the principal tobacco soils. 
Only preliminary work has been started in this, as a satisfactory method 
for the ready determination of the water content of the soils has only 
just been completed. So far as these records have been taken they 
show a very great difference in the soils adapted to the different classes 
of tobacco, and in a general way agree with the texture of the land. 

The earlier records were made by taking a sample of soil in a brass 
tube, driven from the surface of the ground to a depth of 12 inches. 
The sample was transported to the laboratory without any evaporation 
and there dried at a temperature of llO'^ C. and the amount of water 
determined by the loss in weight. The investigations this year have 
been made by the electrical method described in Bulletin No. C. 

These records must be maintained through a number of years before 
reliable data can be established to show the average water content of 
the soils, as well as to show the normal variations which may occur in 



Bull. No. 11, U. S. Depi. Agr., Div. Soils. 



Plate XII. 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

DIVISION OF SOIL-S. 

THE THXTIKE Ol .\ H IMC M. E.XPOHI TOBACCO l.\M) OK KRNTICKS \M) I KNNE.^SEE. 

Per Cent ot Cr.ivel. Sand. Silt, ,in.l Clav m 20 Gr.iiii;; of Subsoil. 
arani Coa.-se stir.j Mfhum sanii. Fine sanj Viry hm sanii Siil fine siit C:u,. 

0.39 0.56 0.73 1.93 9.50 52. 50 6. 28 22.59 



ntr- 



%^ 






m 



i -?| 




2-1 1 .5 .5-25 .25- 



01 ,005 00.''>- 



DIAMETER OF THE GR.AINb 1 .\ ,M ILl.l.M ETERS. 



Bull. No. 1 1, U. S Dept. Agr., Div. Soils. 



Plate XIII. 



Cigar Tobacco 



Connecticut 



Massachusetts 



New York 



Pennsylvania Shale 



Wisconsin 



Oh 



10 



Pennsylvania Limestone 

Manufacturing and Export Tobacco 



/ /IXA. WV. -^.W' 



Bright Tobacco 



^^ 




IJO 210 3|0 4J0 510 6|Q 7|q 



^^SAND 



SILT 



CLAY 



29 

tlie ^A'ater content Avitliont danger to tlie plant. At tlie same time 
sufficient work has been done to give an ideaof the mean rehitive water 
content of these different soils, under tlie meteorological conditions 
which have existed. This water content is sensibly the same for sev- 
eral of tlie soils in any one season. 

The amount of water a soil contains depends largely, as has been 
statrd, npon the texture and structure and is intiueuced of conrse by 
the cliaracter of the season. It varies from day to day, and these 
variations are exceedingly imjjortant in their effects ui)on the crop. 
The term "mean water content," therefore is only to be used as a meas- 
ure of the relative water-holding capacity of the soil under similar 
meteorological conditions. 

MEAN WATER CONTENT OF THE NORTHERN CIGAR TOBACCO 

SOILS. 

Tobacco soils of the best grade in the Connecticut Valley maiutaiu 
on an aveiage about 7 per cent of water throughout the season. There 
are many«oils cultivated in tobacco which average 10 or lU per cent, 
but these do not produce a tobacco leaf of the finest texture and most 
desirable quality for tlie present market. On the other hand, there are 
soils cultivated in tobacco which maintain less water than this, and 
while in favorable seasons, when the tobacco is kept constantly grow- 
ing, they produce a very fine and delicate leaf, it is not on the whole a 
sale or economical condition under which to grow the i)laiit on account 
of the small yield per acre and the injury liable to occur in dry seasons. 
The meadow lauds of the Connecticut A^alley, which were formerly culti- 
vated in tobacco when a d.irk, heavy leaf was in demand, contain on an 
average from L'O to 28 per cent of water. As already stated, these soils 
are entirely unfit for the production of the grade of tobacco necessary 
to meet the present market demands. 

The tobacco soils of Pennsylvania, as already explained, are heavier 
than those of the Connecticut Valley and maintain on an average about 
IS per cent of water. The present season has been unusually wet, and 
the average this year has been 4 to 5 per cent higher, but as a result of 
three years' observations 18 ])er cent can safely be taken as the mean 
water content of the average tobacco soil of the limestone area of the 
Pennsylvania district. 

Soils which produce the best wrai)]>ei- leaf in Pennsylvania are those 
which have the lightest texture and contain the smallest water content, 
while the heaviest limestone soils maintain on an average 22 to 23 per 
cent of Avater and produce mainly a heavy, strong filler leaf. 

The soils of the tobacco district of Ohio are as heavy in texture as 
the limestone tobacco lands of Pennsylvania. They have maintained 
on an average the present season rather more thau 27 ])er cent of water. 
It is probable that the mean water content of these soils in an average 
season would amount to about 23 to 24 per cent of water. The tobacco 
grown under these conditions is used almost exclusively as a filler leaf. 



30 

'No records have been kept of the water content of the tobacco soils 
of Kew York or Wisconsin. 

It is unqnestionably true that the texture of the soil and the meteor- 
ological conditions, with the resultant water content, determine to a 
marked extent the character and grade of leaf which can be produced. 
In this, as in all other agricultural lines, the aim should be to recognize 
the conditions and adopt the crop, the method of cultivation or fermen- 
tation, and the grade of leaf which those conditions are best adapted to 
produce. If the general character of the soil in a locality is adapted 
to the wrapper leaf, use only such soils as may be reasonably expected 
to give the best wrapper leaf. If, on the contrary, the soils of the dis- 
trict are adapted only to filler leaf, use only such of the soils as are 
best adapted to this grade and plant, cultivate, manure, and ferment 
the crop for the specific purjwse of producing a filler leaf of superior 
quality. Most of the tobacco soils of the Northern States will not pro- 
duce equally good fillers and wrappers. 

WATER CONTENT OP THE FLORIDA TOBACCO SOILS. 

Records have been kept during the present season of the moisture 
conditions in the soils of the (ladsden County district of West Florida 
and of the newer tobacco district of Fort Meade, in the peninsula. The 
mechanical analyses showed that the tobacco land in western Florida 
consisted of a light loam about 12 inches deep resting on a heavy red 
clay which is naturally well drained. The hammock soil of Fort Meade 
is, on the other hand, a very light sandy soil, extending down to a very 
considerable depth. Both soils produce a hard wood growth. Strange 
to say, in spite of the great difference in the texture of the subsoil, the 
soils of these two localities have maintained during the present season 
almost identically the same amount of moisture. The average water 
content of the soil at Fort Meade, for a period of four months, was 8.6 
per cent, while the mean water content of the soil at Quincy for the 
same time was 8.26 per cent. It is a surprising thing to find that these 
soils maintain about the same amount of water, but this is in line with 
the general facts that the hammock soils of Florida maintain very much 
more water than would be expected from their texture, or than is main- 
tained by vsoils of similar texture further north along the Atlantic 
Coast. This matter of the relatively large amount of the water con- 
tent of the hanunock soils Of Florida will be discussed in a separate 
bulletin. 

No records have been kept of the moisture conditions in the tobacco 
soils of Texas or of California, and unfortunately none have been kept in 
the tobacco soils of Sumatra and Cuba. 

"WATER CONTENT OF THE SOILS OF THE MANUFACTURING AND 
EXPORT TOBACCO DISTRICTS. 

As in the northern cigar tobacco districts, it will be seen that the 
texture of the soil and the water content appear to determine the tyi^j 



31 

of tobacco pi'odnced. Tlie typical soils for the bright yellow tobacco of 
Virginia, North Carolina, and East Tennessee maintain on an average 
abont 7 per cent of water. Where the soils contain less than this the 
leaf is inclined to be thinner in texture and to have a better color, but 
the yield per acre is small, and the most econoujical conditions on the 
whole are maintained by these soils having from 7 to 8 per cent of clay 
and maintaining on an average about 7 or 8 per cent of water. As the 
soil becomes heavier in texture and the amount of water increases, other 
grades and types of tobacco are produced. 

The export tobacco lands of Kentucky and Tennessee contain about 
22 or 23 per cent of clay, and as a characteristic feature they contain 
from 40 to (U) per cent of silt. These soils contain on an average about 
15 per cent of water, although the soil at Hopkinsville, Ky., this year, 
which had an unusually wet growing season, maintained on an average 
about 3 per cent more than this. 

The characteristic soil of the limestone area of Kentucky, adapted to 
the white burley tobacco, as the result of several years' investigation, 
may be said to maintain on an average about 20 per cent of water. 
The present season being unusually wet, the water content in the soil 
at Lexington, Ky,, was about 3 per cent above the normal. 

Records have not been kept in the manufacturing tobacco soils ot 
Virginia, but from investigations which have been made on adjacent 
lands it is i^robable that the mean water content of these soils, having 
as much as 40 per cent of clay, will not be far from 20 or 22 per cent of 
moisture. 

RECORDS AS A JJASIS FOR IRRIGATION. 

The object of tlie daily record of moisture in the soil is not only to 
determine the average amount soils contain, but to determine the normal 
as well as the extreme variation. It is known, for example, that in the 
white burley limestone soil at Lexington, Ky., if the water content is 
maintained for any length of time above 25 per cent the land will be 
too wet for crops, while, on the other hand, if it falls to 15 per cent it 
will be too dry, and anything less than this will constitute a drought. 
The extent and duration of the drought will be ai)parentif the results 
are plotted on cross-section ])aper. It is possible from such records, 
therefore, to show the character of a season. The methods of cul- 
tivation should have for their prime object the maintenance of the 
water supply above the line of drought, so that the growth of the plant 
shall receive no check. If this can not be done by the ordinary method 
of cultivation, irrigation must be resorted to upon such occasions, if the 
crop is to be maintained in its best condition. 

It will reiiuire years to establish satisftictory normals for any soil, 
but the normal variation which may occur without detriment to the 
crop can probably be approximately established in a very much shorter 
time. This line of work is being vigorously pushed i ow. 



32 



TABLES OP THE WATER CONTENT OF TOBACCO SOILS. 

Following' are the tables showing the records of the water content of 
tobacco soils so far obtained. 

Cigar fobacco land. 
POQUONOCK, CONN. 





July, 1895. 


Day. 


July, 1895. 


Day. 


July, 1895. 


Day. 


July, 1895. 


Day. 


Mois- 
ture. 


Mois- 
ture, a 


Mois- 
ture, a 


Mois- 
ture, a 


1 


Per cent. 
8.8 
8.7 
9.0 
9.6 
10.5 
11.1 
11.2 
11.4 


9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 


Per cent. 
12.6 
12.4 
11.4 
11.4 
13.4 
■ 14.4 
13.1 
11.1 


17 


Per cent. 
8.8 
8.9 
8.0 
8.5 
8.9- 
9.4 
9.6 
8.5 


25 


Per cent. 
8 2 


2 


18 


26 


9 2 


3 


19 


27 


10 1 


4 


20 


28 


10 4 


5 


21 


29 


9.5 


6 


22 


30 

31 


8.9 


7 


23...: 


8 7 


8 


24 













a At depth 0-12 inches. 
WINDSOR, CONN. 





May, 1897. a 


June, 1897. a 


Jnly, 1897. a 


Day. 


May, 1897. a 


June, 1897. a 


July, 1897. a 


Day. 


Mois- 
ture. 


Rain. 


Mois- 
ture. 


Rain. 


Mois- 
ture. 


Rain. 


Moi.s- 
tura 


Rain. 


Mois- 
ture. 


Rain. 


Mois- 
ture. 


Rain. 


1 .. 


Per et. 


Inch. 


Per et. 
12.1 
11.6 
11.1 
11.1 
11.0 
11.0 
10.8 
10.8 
1.5.3 
10.8 
10 3 


Inch. 
Trace 

Trace 
0.03 


Per ct. Inch. 

13.3 

12.5 Trace 


17 ... 
18... 
19... 
20... 
21 ... 
22... 
23... 
24... 
25 . . . 
26... 

27 . . . 

28 . . . 

29 . . . 
30... 
31... 


Per ct. 
14.4 
14.3 
14.2 
14.1 
16.5 
15.4 
14.8 
15.6 
14.9 
13.1 
12.2 
12.4 
12.3 
12.2 
13. 5 


Inch. 

'6."32' 

'".'2.5" 
.92 

".'21 

'"."5.3 


Per ct. 
10.3 
10.7 
10.6 
11.6 
11.0 
10.8 
10.8 
10.7 
10.8 
10.7 
10.7 


Inch. 
0.13 
".'33 


Per ct. 
10.2 
9.9 
10.1 
10.1 

11.1 

13. 3 
13.1 
10.5 
10.2 


Inch. 


2 








3 






12.4 
12.3 
12.0 
11.9 
11.8 


0.01 

".'oi" 

Trace 


10 


4 








5 






.36 


6 






1.70 








.42 


8 








<) 






2.35 
.08 





.11 


10 




0.12 
.07 
.42 

2.17 
.15 


.12 


11 










10.0 
10.3 
10.6 
10.2 
10.0 


01 


12 




10.1 
10.1 
10.2 
10.1 
10.3 








.18 


13 




.15" 

.04 


13.7 
11.0 
10.4 
10.1 


6.27 

2.57 

.05 


10.6 
14.9 




Trace 
.99 


3.02 


14 ... . 

15.... 
16 ... . 


14.7 
14.5 
14.4 


.04 
.18 



o Determined by the electrical metliod at depth 3 to 6 inches. 

EAST HARTFORD. CONN. 
[Light wrapi)ers and binder.s.] 



Day. 


May. 
1895. 


June, 
1895. 


July, 

1895. 


Aujiust, 
1895.' 


Day. 


May, 
1895. 

Mois- 
ture, a 


June, 

1895 


Julv, 
1895. 


August, 
1895. 


Mois- 
ture, a 


Mois- 
ture, a 


Mois- 
ture, a 


Mois. 
ture. a 


Mois- 
ture, a 


Mois- 
ture, a 


Mois- 
ture, a 


1 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 
16.6 
17.5 
16.2 
14.8 
15.2 
16.4 
16.8 
15.2 
15.3 
16.2 
16.6 
15.7 
15.3 
14.9 
15.0 
15.6 


Per cent. 
15.9 
14.9 
15.4 
17.3 
16.4 
15.6 
1.5. 2 
15.4 
15.6 
1.5.7 
15.0 
15.7 
15.0 
15.5 
14.9 
14.4 


Per cent. 
13.2 
12.3 
11.4 
10.9 
10.7 
10.9 
16.8 
14.4 
13.0 
13.0 
13.4 
13.8 
13.4 
12.8 
12.2 
13.3 


17 

18 

19 

20 

23:::::: 
24 

2') 

20 

27 

28 

29 

30 


Per cent. 
13.9 
13. 2 
16.1 
16.0 
15.7 
15.3 
15.0 
15. 2 
16.0 
19. 4 
16.8 
15.9 
15.7 


Per cent. 
1.5.8 
1.5.6 
1,5.4 
15.2 
15.1 
14.9 
14.7 
14.0 
13.4 
13.0 
14.9 
16.3 
17.3 
16.7 


Per cent. 
13.8 
13.5 
13.1 
12.9 
12.9 
12.9 
13.2 
12.2 
11.9 
12.3 
14.3 
13.4 
11.0 
10.2 
14.2 


Per cent. 
15.3 


2 




17.3 


3 




16.2 


4 .. . 




15.3 


5 




14.8 


6 




14.2 






13.9 


8 

f| 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 


16 4 
17.9 
17.7 
17.1 
16.6 
1.5.8 
15.4 
14.9 
16.6 


13.6 
13.4 
13.2 
13.1 
13.1 
13.0 
12.9 


15 


31 




12.9 


16 











a At depth 0-12 inches. 



33 



EAST HAKTFOED, CONN. 
[Dark wrappers and binders.] 



Day. 


May, 
1895. 


June, 
1895. 


July, 

1895. 


August 
1895. 


Day. 


May, 
1895. 

Mois- 
ture, a 


Juue, 
1895. 


Julv, 
1895. 


August, 
1895. 


Mois- 
ture, a 


Mois- 
ture, a 


Mois- 
ture, a 


Mois- 
ture, a 


Mois- 
ture, a 


Mois- 
ture, a 


Mois- 
ture, a 


1 . . 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 
22.0 
20.5 
19.3 
19.2 
20.7 
20. 2 
19.3 
18.3 
17.7 
17.2 
16.8 
16.6 
16.4 
16.2 
16.0 
15.8 


Per cent. 
26.5 
26.2 

25.7 
25.0 
24.7 
24.3 
23.8 
23. 6 
24.5 
24.6 
24.6 
24.8 
25.4 
25. 4 
25.2 
25. 


Per cent. 
23.0 
24.1 
23.0 
22.9 
22. 4 
K5 
29.0 
26.8 
25.0 
24.7 
24.9 
25.9 
25.5 
25.0 
25.5 
24.6 


17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

23 ! ! ! ! ! ! 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 


Per cent. 
19.7 
19.3 
18.6 
19.7 
20.2 
20.5 
20.2 
19.7 
20.0 
20.3 
21.9 
20.6 
20.1 
22.7 
26.1 


Per cent. 
15.6 
15.3 
15.0 
14.9 
14.7 
14.5 
14.3 
J4. 6 
15.1 
15.7 
15.4 
15.0 
15.1 
15.3 


Per cent. 
24.5 
23.8 
23. 4 
22.8 
22. 2 
21^4 
20.5 
20.0 
19.4 
19.2 
19.3 
19.8 
23.7 
26.8 
24.3 


Per cent. 
29.0 


9 


29.7 


3 


28.0 


4 


26.7 


5 


25.3 


6 


24.9 






24.5 


8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 


20.8 
20.7 
19.9 
19.7 
19.4 
19.7 
19.9 
20.1 
20.1 


24.2 
23.7 
23.3 
22.7 
22.3 
21.9 
21.5 


16 







a At depth 0-12 inches. 

LITITZ, PA. 
[Fillers.] 



May, 1897. a 



June, 1897. a 



Day. 



Moisture. Kain. Moisture. Eain. 



Per cent. 
25. 3 
34.0 
33.7 
34.0 
33.7 
33.1 
31.5 
29.8 
29.4 
28. 6 
29.2 
28.8 
.36.1 
33.7 
35.0 
33.4 
31.7 
29.6 
29.4 
29.4 
28.6 
30.5 



28.4 
32.0 
30.7 
28.2 
28.5 



Inch. 

i.20 
.04 
.73 
.03 



.22 
.16 
1.30 
.76 
.28 



.24 



Per cent. 
17. & 
24. 3 
22.8 
22.4 
36.1 
34.0 
32.6 
31.2 
33.4 
36.5 
30.0 
29.6 
28.4 
28.1 
27.0 
26.3 
24.8 
24.8 
22.1 
20.9 
17.6 
13.4 
17.9 
15.0 
13.6 
13.3 
11.9 
11.2 
11.2 
11.2 



Inch. 
' 0.06 



.03 
2.25 



July, 1897. a , August, 1897. a 



Moisture. Ttain. Moisture. Ilaiu. 



Per cew 
11.2 
11.3 
11.2 
11.3 
11.2 
11.2 
11.2 
11.2 
10.2 
10.2 
9.6 
9.5 
29.2 
25.8 
22.5 
19.6 
15.7 
15.1 
28.4 
31.3 
31.5 
31.0 
30. 5 
23. 2 
20.8 
17.5 
22.6 



Inch. 



.28 
1.90 
.03 



.04 
.11 

.72 



.24 
1.81 
.30 



Per cent. Inch. 

32, 

23. ' 

22.6 

22. 3 

24.3 i 0.59 
23.8 .01 

23.0 

22.3 

22. 3 . 01 
22. 6 . 05 
25.3 .81 
24.3 

22.8 

21.9 

21.3 

25. 1. 34 

23.4 

o"). 4 

2L9 .'..'.'.'..'. 

21.7 .11 

21.4 I 

21.2 .11 

21.1 I 

31.0 j 1.79 

29.2 I .10 
27.4 I .01 

25.0 

24.0 

22. C 

21.9 

21.4 



al>eteruiiiuMl by the electrical method at dei)th 3 to 6 inches 



8564— No. 11- 



34 



GERMAXTOWX, OHIO. 



Day. 


May, 1897. a 


June, 1897. a 


July, 1897. a 


August, 1897. a 


Moisture. Eain. 


Moisture. 


Kain. 


Moisture. 


Rain. 


Moisture. Rain. 


1 .. 


Pii- cent. 


Jn.-h. 


J'er cent. 
26.4 


Inch. 


Per cent. 


Inch. 


Per cent. Inch. 
24. 6 0. 10 


2 






18.2 
18.3 




28. 7 . 0-2 


3 :;;.;;::.::;:;;;;. 


24.7 
25.2 
24.4 
23.2 


0.19 


29.0 


4 .. 




27. 


5 ... 






Rain. 
1.10 


26. 4 


6 

7 


37.4 j 

36 3 




23.4 

• 22.9 

22. 4 

2l!6 


25.8 

25 5 


8 


33.5 

60 


31.9 
30.0 
28.5 
28.3 


.43 



2.5. 1 


9 


i 


10 


31.9 


.70 


1 


11 






.20 ; 




10 


31.6 
29.6 
29.6 
31.6 
20.9 
28.5 
27,1 
25.0 




20.3 




13 


""'.1)8 


30.8 
30.6 


.45 






14 








15 






.19 

.56 

.25 




16 










17 


1 


.37 








1 


30.5 




19 


1 


1.02 


29.0 
26.5 
34.9 
27.7 
27.7 
27.7 
27.7 
30.0 
28.4 
28.9 
26.1 
25.4 
25. 2 








'" .m ...v.'.'.... 

'.so """..'.. 




21 


32.4 
33.4 
33.6 
37.4 
34.5 
32.9 
31.9 
33.0 
31.3 
31.1 
27.0 


.50 








22 








23 


.40 
.62 








24 


18.5 
18.5 
18.5 
18.4 
18.4 
18.3 
18.9 






25 








27 










29 












31 














i 





a Deterinineil l>y the electrical method at ile])th 3 to 6 inches. 
FORT MEADE, FLA. 





May, 1897. a 


June, 1897. a 


July, 1897. a 


Day. 


May, 1897. a 


June, 1897. 


July, 1897. a 


])ay. 


Mois- 
ture. 


Rain. 


Mois- 
ture. 


Rain. 


Mois- 
ture. 


Rain. 


Mois- 
ture. 


Rain. 


Mois- 
tui-e. 


Raiu. 


^;^- I^-- 


1 


Per ct. 
10.2 
10.3 
8.3 
7.8 
7.6 
7.3 
7.0 
7.1 
7.0 
6.8 
C. 8 
13.6 
11.4 
9.2 
11.0 
9.7 


Inch. 
0.12 


Per ct. 


Inch. 


Perct. 

7.9 

7.5 

10.5 

8.9 

10.7 

9.3 

9.2 

9.2 

10.7 

9.2 

10. 5 

11.0 

10.8 

9.7 

8.5 

9.4 


Inch. 

"o'.Vfi 

1. 32 

".'41 
.04 

".'15" 
.11 

.07 
.47 
1.96 
1.89 
.14 

"".'os' 


17... 


Per ct. 


Inch. 


Per ct. 

8.8 
7.8 
8.2 
8.6 
8.8 


Inch. 

O.Vl' 
.19 
.47 


Per ct. 

8.1 
8.7 
8.5 
8.1 
7.9 
9.1 
8.7 
8.4 
10.6 
10.7 
8.7 
8.8 
8.1 
8.8 
9.0 


Inch. 


2 






18 ... 






0.19 


3 








19... 
20... 
21.., 
22... 


° 2 


.. 




4 








8.0 

7.9 




5 










e 








7.9 
7.8 




8.5 

9.0 , 

8.7 1 


.24 


1 .... 


i.'so' 

1.90 
.30 
1.05 




7.5 
7.4 
8.0 
9.0 
7.9 
8.1 
8.0 
10.8 
8.6 
9.0 


0.13 
".'55' 

'".'59' 
.67 
.03 






25 .. 






8.8 
9.0 
8.9 
8.7 
7.4 
7.9 


.41 
".'36' 


.82 


10 


26 . . . 








11 


27 . . . 








12 


28 . . . 








33 


29 ... 








14 


30 ... 






.32 


15 


31 ... 






.18 


16 ... . 








j 







a Deterniineil by tlie electrical method at depth 3 to inches. 



35 

]iri<iht lohaeco land. 
OXFORD, N. C. 



Dav. 



May, 
1895. a 



June, 
1895. a 



July, 1 August, 
1895. a i 1895. a 



June, 1S96. a 



July, 1896. a 



Moisture. Moisture. Moisture. Moisture. Moisture. Eain. Moisture. liaiii 



1 


Percent. 






;H 




4 


5 


6 






8 





Per cnt. 7Vc reii/. Per rent. Per cent. 



12.9 
12.8 
12.7 
12.6 
13.0 
13.2 
13.3 
13.1 
11.6 
10.3 
10.3 
11.2 
11.9 
11.8 
11.7 
11.6 
11.2 
10.9 
10.7 



■ cent. 



.5-, 
.20 



10.0 
9.6 
9. .■) 
9.6 
10.4 
12.0 
15.3 
17.0 
17.6 
18.1 
18.2 
17.6 
16.5 
15.4 
14.4 
13.5 
13.1 
13.2 
13.2 
12.8 
11.5 
10. 2 
9. U 
x.o 
8.0 
7.8 



7.5 

7. 2 
7.0 
6.8 
6.5 



.09 



.09 
.12 

.02 



August, 1896. a 



:Mav, 1897. a 



June. 1897. a 



JSloisturo. Rain. IMoisture ' Rain. Moisture. R;iiii 



1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 



5.3 
4.8 
4.9 
5.2 
5.4 
5. 6 
5. 7 
5.7 
12.9 
12.1 
11.0 
10. 
9,0 
8. 1 
7.3 
6.8 
6.6 
6.3 
6.2 
6.0 
5.9 
5.4 
5.0 
4.6 
4.2 
4.1 
4.0 
4.1 
4.3 



Inch. Per cent. 



1.50 
1.12 



10.07 
9. 4(1 
10. 1.< 
10. 18 
9.77 
9.59 
9.01 
9.01 
8.28 
8.86 
10.10 
10.72 
11.04 
10. ,^,2 
10,07 
9.77 
9. 50 
9.33 



9.01 
9.01 
9.01 
8.94 
8.86 
9.01 
8.66 
10.64 



Inch . 



0. 50 
.20 



.52 

.85 



Per cent.\ Inch. 

10.4 I 

9.8 I 

9. 

9.0 ' 0. .") 

9.8 ' 

9.0 ' 

9.0 

9.0 ' .07 

9.0 

9.0 

9.0 

7.8 

7.9 

7.4 .(10 

7.4 

7.4 

7.3 

Id! 5 .'.'..■' 

10.8 .80 

10.4 

9.7 

9.(1 

8.9 

9. 

7.8 

7. 9 . 27 

7.8 

7. 8 

7.6 



July, 1897. a 
Moisture. Rain. 



•nt. 



7.4 

7.3 



Inch. 



0.32 
.05 



7. 2 . 25 

7 2 

7^0 

7. . 08 

7.1 I 

7. 1 ] .02 
7.1 I 

7^2 2.'6i 

8.9 

8.0 

8. 9 I 

9.0 i 

'.). I) .52 

10.4 

10. (i .40 

111.7 .70 

1(1.8 .10 

11. (I .06 

9. 9 

9. 9 . 20 

0.5 

9. 4 . 05 

9. 2 . 03 

9. 1 . 10 

9.1 

9.5 

11.0 , 



a A t (lei)th 0-12 inches. 



36 



Brii/ht iohacro land. 
WILSOX, X. C. 



J'lme, 1897. a I July, 1897. a JAugu8t,1897.a \ June, 1897.a I July, 1897.a 

Dav. 



Mois- 
ture. 



Moi.s- 
ture. 



Moi.s- 
■j ture. 



Per ct. Inch. Per ct. Inch. P,r ct. Inch. 

6.7 

6.5 

6.4 

8.5 7.0 

!». 3 0. 32 6. 9 

9. 5 .14 6. 6 

6.3 
9. . 01 i C. 1 

8.9 I 6. G 

8.0 6.4 

8.3 6.2 

8.0 6.0 

7.8 11.3 

7.4 10.0 

7.4 i 9.8 

15. 1 2. 21 ! 9. 



0.04 


5.8 




5.9 


.55 


5.8 




5.0 




5.5 




5.3 


.09 


5.2 


.60 


5.3 




5.1 




4.9 


.01 


4.8 


3.73 


4.6 




4.5 




4.1 




3.7 




3.5 



Mois- 
ture. 



13.0 
11.5 
11.2 
10.0 
9.0 
8.8 
8.2 
8.0 
7.9 
7.2 
7.1 
6.9 
6.9 



Rain. 



0.26 
.09 



Mois- 
ture. 



Kain. 



Per ct. Inch 

8.3 

7. 9 I 0. 06 

7.0 

8. 9 Rain 
8.8 1.40 

9.1 I .38 
8.8 

8.2 

7. 8 i .46 
7.2 

7. 1 i .26 
7.0 I .11 
C. 8 I .04 
6.5 

6.2 



August, 1897. a 
Rain. 



Mois- 
ture. 



Per 



Inch. 



a Determined by the electrical method at depth of 3 to inches. 
DANVILLE, VA. 



Day. 


Julv, 
1895. a 


August, 
1895. a 

Moisture. 


Day. 


Julv. 
1895. a 


August, 
1895. a 


Day. 


Julv, 
1895. a 


August, 
1895. a 




Moisture. 


Moisture. Moi-sture. 


Moisture. 


Moisture. 


1 


Per cent. 
17.0 
15.5 
13.0 
12.0 
12.0 
12.0 
13.0 
13.2 
10.6 
10.0 
16.8 


Per cent. 

n. 

10.4 
9.7 
9.7 
9.9 
10.5 
11.5 
12.5 
11.7 
10.5 
9.7 


12 


Per cent. 
16.7 
13.5 
12.1 
17.2 
16.0 
13.7 
12.8 
12.5 


Per cent. 
8.8 
8.3 
7.7 
7.6 
11.9 
14.0 
12.2 
8 ."i 


23 


Per cent. 
13.0 
17.7 
16.8 
15.2 
14.8 
12.8 
12. 
11.7 
11.5 


Per cent. 




13 


24 


10 1 


3 


14 


25 


8 7 


4 


15 


26 


7 




16 


27 


6 S 


6 


17. 


28 


C 3 




18 


29 


5 9 


8 


19 


30 


5 8 


9 


20 


12. 5 8. 1 


31.. 


5 7 


l(t 


21 


14.2 

13.5 


15.4 
14.2 






11 


22 









a At depth 0-12 inches. 
HANOVER, VA. 



Day. 


June, 
1895. a 


July, 

1895. a 


August, 
1895. « 


Day. 


June, 
1895. a 


Julv, 
1895. a 


August, 
1895. a 




Moisture. 


Moisture. 


Moisture. 


Moisture. 


Moisture. 


Moisture. 


1 


Per cent. 
9.7 
9.0 
9.8 
11.0 
10.5 
9.9 
9.0 
8.3 
8.4 
9.5 
10.4 
10.3 
10.1 
9.9 
9.0 
8.3 


Per cent. 
10.0 

10.8 
9.0 
8.1 
7.7 
7.4 
7.2 
7.8 
8.2 
8.5 
8.7 
8.9 
8.5 
8.2 
9.5 

12.0 


Per cent. 
7.8 
7.6 
7.4 
7.1 
6.9 
6.8 
6.7 
6.5 
0.4 
6.0 
5.6 
5.5 
5.4 
5.3 1 
.5.2 '■ 
5.1 1 


17 


Per cent. 
7.7 
7.3 
7.1 
7.0 
6.9 
6.8 
6.7 
11.5 
10.0 
8.5 
9.6 
10.6 
9.5 
9.6 


Per cent. 
11.5 

10.2 
9.0 
8.4 
8.2 
8.0 
8.0 
8.1 
8.1 
8.0 
8.0 
8.0 
8.0 
8.1 
8.0 


Per cent. 
5 


2 


18 


5 


3 


19 


5.0 


4 


20 


5.0 




21 


4.9 


6 


22 


4.8 




23 


4 7 


8 


24 


4.2 


9 


25 


4.1 


10 


26 


4.2 


11 ... 


27 


4.3 


12 

13 


28 

29 


4.4 

4.5 


14 


30 

31 


6.0 


15 


5.1 


10 











a At depth 0-12 inches. 



37 



liurliy iohocco laud. 
LEXINGTON, KY. 



Day. 



Day. 


June, 
1895. a 

Moisture. 


July, 
1895. a 


August, 
1895. a 


Juue, 1896. a 


July, LStiG. a 


August, 


lS96.rt 




Moisture. 


Moisture. 


Moisture. 


Rain. 


Moisture. 


liain. 


Moisture. 

Per C' nt. 
25. :i 

25. 
2t. 1 
21.0 

24. 
24.3 

25. 3 

2i;. 1 

25. 8 
21.5 
2 :. 

22. 8 
22.4 
22. 1 
21.8 
21.8 
22. 2 
22. 9 
23.5 
24. 2 
24. 6 
24. 9 

24. 9 
21.9 

25. 1 

25. 
2'!. 8 


Itain. 


1 


Percent. 
25.6 

24. 7 
24.4 
24.2 
24.1 
23.9 
23. 8 
23.6 
23.5 
23.3 
23.1 
23.1 
23. 3 
23.5 
23. 8 
24.1 
24.4 
24.1 

23. 9 
24.4 
26. 3 

25. 9 
24.8 
24.2 
25.0 

24. 7 
23. 6 
23. 9 

25. 8 


Percent. 
28. 2 
27.5 
26.3 
25.2 
24.4 
24.7 
25.0 
25.6 
26. H 
26.4 
26.4 
25.9 
25.6 
24.8 
24.1 
23. 3 
22. 7 
22. 1 

22! 

22. 8 
25.0 
27.2 
28.5 
29.7 
29.8 
29.7 
29.5 
27.9 
27.1 
26. 1 
25.8 


Percent. 
26.6 
25.4 
24.3 

24. 2 
24^1 
27.7 
26.5 

25. 5 
24.6 
24.2 
23.9 
23.7 
23.3 
22.9 
22.7 
22.3 
22.1 
21.9 
21.7 
21.2 
20.6 
19.8 
19.3 
19.4 
19.5 
19.9 
20.7 
21.5 
22 8 
22. 5 
23.2 


Per cent. 
26.0 
26.7 
27.2 
27.6 
27.7 
27.8 
27.7 
27.5 
27.2 
26.8 
26.7 
26.7 
26.7 
26.8 
26. 9 
26. 
24.fi 
23.8 
23.3 
23. 1 
23. 
25.4 
23.9 
24.4 
24.8 
25.0 
25.4 
25. 6 
25.2 
24.5 


Inch. 
1.00 

'"'i.35' 

. 75 

""."46' 
.60 

"'".'03' 

.01 



" .03 
........ 

:::::::: 

"".'6.3' 

.05 

""i.'is" 

.05 


Per cent. 
23.5 
23. 1 
23.2 
23.8 
23.9 
23.8 
23.7 
2t. 
27.9 
27.8 
27.5 
27.0 
26.5 
26.0 
26. 
26.1 
26.1 
25. 6 
25.5 
28.4 
29.8 
29.7 
29.0 
28 5 
27.5 
26 5 
25. 
22.5 
22.0 
23.0 
24.6 


Inch. 

"'6.' 49' 

:::::;;: 

"'i.'sg' 

.117 

.03 
.62 

'"'i.'25 

2. 30 

1. 03 

1.02 

.01 

"".'.56' 


Inch. 
0. 42 
1.47 


3 

4 

5 

6 




8 

!) 




10 

11 




12.. 




13 

14 

1.^. 

16 

17 

18 


.07 


11) 




20 

■Jl 


. 19 






.).. 


56 


24 

25 

26 


.04 






'":) 




3:1 

31 















May, 1897.6 



Juue, 1897. b 



July, 1897. h 



Anii-nst. 1897.6 



^loisture. Rain. Moisture. Rain, iloisture. Rain. Moisture. Rain. 



Percent. Inch. Percent. Inch. Per 



32.4 


Trace. 


32.7 


0.04 


32.7 


.34 


31.5 


.43 


30. 5 


.01 


29. 7 


.04 


29.5 




29.1 


.05 


28.6 




28.2 




28.0 




27.3 




27.1 




26.7 




28.4 


1.07 


28 


.28 


27.5 


Trace. 


27.3 




26.9 


Trace. 


26. 9 


.21 


26.7 


Trace. 


26.2 





cent. Inch. 

17.4 0. lU 
17. 1 •, .02 

16.5 

16.6 I 

16.3 .02 
16. 2 , . 13 

15.8 I 

15. 5 I 

15.2 

16. 5 i . 33 

16.7 I .02 
16.7 .01 

16. 3 . 03 
16.0 ! 

15.5 

18.2 .51 

17. 8 . 01 

17.4 

16. 9 Trac. 

16.6 I .06 
15.9 , 

15.0 

1.3.5 .45 

15. 2 . 12 
15.6 I .46 

19.3 ' 

18.4 I .01 

17.9 I 

17.2 

16. 7 I . 10 

16.1 



/'< 


)• cent. 


Inch. 




15. 4 


i»4 




14. 1 






12.9 






12. 






11.8 






10.3 






8.9 






8.2 






1. 1 


.09 




1 . .•> 


.13 




7. 5 





7.3 

7. 

6.8 

6. 9 .10 

6.7 

6.5 

6.4 

6.3 

6.2 

59 

2K5 '"i.'69 

19.3 

18.1 , 

18 4 ! .24 

17.8 

16.9 

16.1 

15.0 

15. . 33 

14.9 



a At depth 0-12 inches. 

b Determined by the electrical method at depth 3 to 6 inches. 



38 

GREENDALK, KY. 



Day. 


June, 
1895. a 


July, 
1895. a 


August, 
1895. a 


Day. 


June, 
1895. a 


July, 
1895. a 


August, 
1895. a 


Moistiire. 


Moisture. 


Moisture. 


Moistui-e. 


Moisture. 


Moisture. 


1 .' 


Per cent. Per cent. 
21.4 '•'3 8 


Per cent. 
26.0 
25.0 
24.4 
24.1 
24.7 
26.2 
25.9 
25. 
24.8 
24.3 
22.4 
21.5 
22.8 
22 2 
20'.8 
22.1 


17 


Per cent. 
21.1 
21.1 
22.0 
22.8 
22. 5 
21.6 
22.0 
24.7 
24.7 
19.0 
13.0 
12.6 
13.6 
15.6 


Per cent. 
19.3 
17.0 


Per cent. 
21.9 




22. 7 
24.2 
25. G 
26.4 
26.3 
25.6 
24.8 
24.2 

23. 8 
23.6 
23.8 
25.5 
25. 8 

24.1 

22.5 


24.7 
23.3 
22.1 
21.1 
20.2 
19.3 
18.8 
17.0 
17.4 
16.5 
16.1 
15.9 
10.0 
18.3 
20. G 


18 


21 ■> 




19 


15. 5 21. 1 


4 


20 


16.0 21.0 




21 


17.0 20.9 




22 


18. 3 20. 9 




23 


19. 6 20. 9 




24 


20.9 , 21.0 


9 


25 


24.2 1 21.2 


10 


26...* 

27 


26.2 1 21.1 


11 


26.9 : 21.0 


lo 


28 


26.7 
26.6 
25.9 
25.2 


20. 8 


13 


29 


20.7 


14 


30 

31 


20. 5 


15 


21.5 


16 













a At (leptli 0-12 inches. 

E.rporl tohaccit land. 
HOPKIXSTILLE, KY. 



Day. 


May, 1897. ft 


Juue, 1897. a 


July, 1897. a 


August 


1897. a 


Moisture. 


Rain. 


Moisture. 


Rain. 


Moisture. 


Rain. 


Moisture. 


Rain. 


I 


Per cent. 


Inch. 


J'er cent. 
IS. 
17.8 
17.6 
17. 5 
17.2 
16,9 
17.2 
17.0 
17. 3 
17.2 
17.2 
17.2 
17.5 
17.3 
17.2 
18.1) 
18.0 
18.1) 
19.0 
20. It 
19.2 
19. 
23.8 
25.4 
26. 8 
26.5 
25.4 
20.1 
18.5 
19.0 


Inch. 

0.20 
.15 

.i5 
"' .62' 

"".'03 

.23 

.30 
.67 
.40 

.45 

.01 
.02 

" .15 

.03 


Per cent. 

18.5 
18.0 
17.2 
17.0 
18.1 
18.2 
18.0 
18.8 
17.7 
17.2 
16.8 
16.1 
15.9 


Inch. 

"'o.'23' 
.03 

""'.'16' 
.05 
.05 


Per cent. 
14.2 
14.1 
13.9 
13.8 
14.2 
14.6 
14.8 
14.8 
15 5 
15.2 
14.7 
14.6 
13.8 
13.7 
13.6 
13.4 
13.4 
13.3 
13.3 
13.3 
13.3 
13. 2 
13.2 
13.2 
13.0 
12.9 
12.8 


Inch. 


2 








3 








t 








5 . 






0. 18 


fi 
















8 






.09 


9 






.o.> 


10 






.65 


11 






.40 


12 






13 








14 






15.7 




1.-, 


24.3 

' 21.3 

20.8 


13.8 
13. G 
13.8 
14.0 
14.2 
14.7 
14.6 
14.8 
14.7 
14.6 
14.8 
14.9 
14.9 
14.8 
14.8 
14.6 
14.3 


.45 

"".'63' 
.02 
.15 

"".'io" 

.31 

.05 




IG 




17 




18 


20.1 
19. 2 
19. 
1.S.9 
18.0 






19 




20 




21 


.02 


22 


. 29 


23 


19. 0. 20 

18.5 

18.2 

17.0 

17.5 .10 

17.4 

18.0 .21 

18.5 




24 




25 




26 




27 




og 




''9 








30 








31 


18.2 



























a Determiued by the electrical method at depth 3 to 6 inches. 



39 



NEWSTEAI), KY 



Hay. 


June, 
1895. a 


July, 
1895. a 


August, 
1895. a 


Day. 
17 


June, 
1895. a 


Julv, 
1895. a 


Aiiffust, 
1895. a 




Moisture. 


Moisture. 


Moisture. 


MoLsture. 


Moisture. 


Moisture. 


1 


Per cent. 
20,0 
19. 8 
19.5 
19.6 
20.0 
20.5 
19. 9 
19.3 
17.9 
17.1 
17.1 
17.4 
16.5 
16.5 
17.0 
16.3 


Per eeiit. 
22. 2 
21.6 
20.2 
18.5 
17.6 
18.3 
20.0 
21.6 
21.9 
21.5 
20.5 
20.2 
19.2 
18.8 
17.8 
17.1 


Per cent. 
20.9 
20.7 
20.0 
19.3 
18.4 
17.6 
17.0 
16.5 
16.1 
16.7 
16.4 
15.8 
15.2 
15.0 
14.5 
13.8 


Per cent. 
15.7 
15.9 
15.9 
15.1 
14.2 
14.5 
15.2 
15. 2 
14.7 
14.9 
15. 9 
15.3 
15. 3 
17.4 


Per cent. 
16.0 
16.0 
14.8 
14.5 
14.0 
13.8 
14.8 
18.2 
20.5 
20. .3 
20. 2 
19.6 
19.2 
20.8 
21.6 


J'er cent. 
13 3 




18 


13 2 


3 


](» 


13 3 


4 


20 

•J] 


16.0 


5 


15 2 


6 




14 7 




23 


14 


8 

9 


24 

25 

20 


13.3 

12.9 


10 


12.8 


11 .. . 


12 8 


]•■> 


2s 


r:.(> 


13 


:!9 


i:!.8 


14 


;!u 


15. 


15 


31 


14.5 


16 









a At depth 0-12 iuclies. 

Mannfavtnrinij tobacco land. 
KASTII.VM. VA. 



Day 


Jun.-, 

: 1895. « 


Julv, 
1895. a 


Aufiust, 
1895. a 

Moi.sturo. 

Per cent. 

21! 5 
21.0 
20.8 
20. 9 
21.2 
22.3 
24.2 
23.5 
22.7 
22.3 
22.1 
22. 3 

22. 6 

23. 2 
24.0 


Day. 


June, 

1895. n. 


Julv, 
189o. a 


August, 
1895. a 




Moisture. 


Moi.sture. 


Moisture. 


M. isture. 


iloisture. 


1 


Per cent. 


/'(/• cent. 


17 


Per cent. 
2'3.7 
22.1 

21.2 
20. 8 
20. 8 
21.0 
21.4 
21.6 
21.6 
21.4 
21.3 
21.2 
21.1 
21.0 


Per cent. 
22. 4 
22.9 
23.4 
23.3 
21.3 
20. 2 
19.8 
20. 8 
20.2 

23^7 
23.8 
25. 
23.3 
• 22. 2 


Percent. 
24.9 




23.4 
22.8 
2i.O 
23.4 
21.9 
20.8 
20. () 
23. 5 
2:!. 5 
22. 4 
21.6 
21.1 
21.2 
21.9 
22. 8 


18 


24. 4 


3 


23. 3 

23. 1 

22.9 

: 22.8 

j 22. 7 


19 


23.7 


4 


20 


23.3 




21 


22 .S 


6 


22 

2Z...... ........... 


22. fi 
2". 


8 

9 

1(1 


: 22. 6 

22. 2 

'....'.'.'.'] 2'Ii 

; 23. 7 

'^2 2 


24 

25 

26 


21.5 

20.8 
20.4 


11 


27 


20. 


I'' 


28 . 




111 


'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.\ 25! i) 
■^7 3 


29 ... 


ix.i 


14 .. .. 


:u) 




15 


31 




16 


25. 7 





a At ileptli 0-12 inches. 



40 

TABLES OF MECHANICAL ANALYSES OF SUBSOILS OF PRINCIPAL 

DISTRICTS. 



The following- tables give the mechanical analyses of the subsoils of 
the principal districts: 



1039 
IIU 
1173 



1066 
959 

1305 

1277 
831 
842 

1254 
729 

1303 



1357 
1279 
128G 
1287 
1281 
1353 
1285 
1283 
1355 
1289 



25G8 
2.314 
2574 
2516 
2511 



2570 
2508 

2804 

1360 

16 



Cifiar tohaceo hind. 
NORTHERK DISTRICTS. 



Locality. 



Massachusetts. 

Hatfield 

AVliatelv 

Hatfield 

do 

do 



Description and 
dcptli. 



6-30 inches 

C-18 inches 

8-30inches 

Subsoil 

9-30 inches 



Connecticut. 

Poquonock 12-36 inches. 

Windsor ' 11-35 inches. 

BlooMilield 11-1 2 inches . 

South Windsor lOinches 

East llartfoi-d 0-lOiiiches. . 

do I 10-30 inches. 

9-30 inches.. 

do 

10-18 inches. 



Poquonock 

East Haitford ... 
Wethersfield 



New York. 

Fulton I 11-20 Inches. 

Phiiiiix ! 18 inches. . .. 

Butler 12-14 inches. 

do I 18-20 inches. 

Soutli Granby I 6 inches 

Lvsander ' Subsoil 

Soutli Butler 9-10 i nches . . 

Fayetteville 6-18 inches . 

Cato 9-18 inches. . 

Baldwiusville Subsoil 

Averajje 

Permsylvania. 
Washington . .. 



Washini^ton, 2 miles 

east. 
Colundjia 

Washington 



York, 4 miles south- 
east. 



S h a 1 V limestone, 

18-36 inches. 
S h a 1 V limestone, 

12-30 inches. 
River land, 12-30 

inches. 
Sli al y limestone, 

12-3ii inches. 
Phillite 



Average 

York, 9 miles east . 



Wrightsville 

York, 3 J miles east . 



Lititz 

Marietta 

Lititz 

Average . 



P.ct. 
0.21 

.77 
.,59 



c I ^ 



P.ct. P.ct. 

1.481 0.00 
1. 84 . 00 



711 
66! 2. 15[ 
82 2.90 



.41 
.58 
.58 
.84 
.76 
.46 
.56 
.49 
2.18 



P.ct 

0.00 
.20 
.00 
.00 
.00 

.04 



.76 



.76 

.91 

X. 51 

.69 

1.21 

.93 

.84 

1.09 

1.33 

1.32 



1. 30, 
1.39 

2. 13 
4. 60! 
2. 08| 
1.64 
2.05 
6. 85' 



1.33 
.00 
.40 
.00 
.82 

1.05 

3.22 
.09 

2.39 



:~ , cO S-: 



s -• •-■ -; 



P.ct.lP.ct.'P.et 
2.50 28.1155.78 



.30 8.91 
.40l 9.00 
.121 2.31 
.21 2.13 



69.98 
42.12 
40. 30 
i8. 11 



.71110.09 



49.26 



30.89 2.71 3.31 




1.06i 2.82 1.94 



.40 21. 

.07 . 
.18 4. 
.16 . 
.391 19. 
. 03118. 
. 53'19. 
.30; 1. 
.32 



8031. 
36 22. 
68 39. 

60 1 14. 



3.26 



1.33 
1.10 
4. .57 
5.88 
.29 
4.17 
2.05 
2.71 
2.84 
3.03 



2.80 



1.31 2.40 

2.36 3.01 

2.26i 2.64 

1.87 2.69 



9.02 



24. 



78 32. 7 
52 05. 08 
87 45.11 
93 67. 20 
47 28. 34 
83:32.11 
76 34.50 
95 52.47 
5151.66 



22. 02 4.5. 47 



8471, 
3934. 
7116, 
37,15, 
61137, 
60 21. 
67 39. 
41 

54 3.5 
58 26. 



■/I Si( S 



P.ct. P.ct. I\ct. 
10.71 0.63 0.92 
14.35 .93 1.98 

3.07 

4.15 

4.70 



38. 90 
40.41 
45.09 



3.17 
4.50 

5. 98 



1.74 
7.46 
3.82 
10.93 
11.88 
11.31 
5.92 
27.73 
12.94 



.45 
1.01 

.84 
1.16' 
1. 20 ' 
1.15 

. 78 
3.56 
3.03 



10.41 1.36 



.19 
1.33 
1.63 
1.67 
2.41 
2.51 
2.53 
4. O.t 
4.65 

2. 32 



5.41 .52 1.36 

3.32 .95i 2.58 

6.44 2. 43 1 5.21 

4.80 2.08 5:54 

.26 42.57 4.20 6.13 

. 21J19. 16 3.48 8.05 

.56|18.08 3.77:10.08 

.90(20.70 5.92 10.60 

.02il5. 33 3.06 12.18 

.16115.12 4.5112.55 



24. 47 32. 52 15. 09 3. 09 7. 43 



Trenton limestone, 

12-30 inches. 

...do 

Trenton limestone, 

12-24 inches. 
Trenton limestone, 

subsoil. 
Trenton limestone, 

9-30 inches. 
do 



2.36 


5.40 


.36 


2.03 3.23 


.67 






3.68 4.17 


.57 


4.51 4.62 


.88 


2.40 3.52 


1.06 


2.85 4.83 


1.41 


5.59 4.36 


.12 


2.63 
3.61 


5.30 


.06 


4.47 


.68 












.13 2.3121.77 8.92 24.77 21.57 4.4111.83 

2.55 3.03 3.9012.20 29.33 22.53 6.9612.27 
i I : ! 

.22 .30| 1.66, 9.18 52.3213.82 4.50 12.68 

.11 .18 1.37 1.60 42.83 28.43 4.96 16.03 

36 . 33 . 65 1. 22 36. 65 30. 68 5. 23 16. 19 



67 1.23 ,5.87 6.62137.18 23.41 5.21 
80 1707 IT92I8. 83 35. 58 10. 98 



13.80 
22. 47 



.92 .96 1.3017.72 36.82 7.14 23.87 
. 94 . 67 1. 15 12. 35 43. 64 8. 79 25. 23 



1.38 1.55 4.98 15.54 
.22 .27' .37j 7.48 
. 40 . 93 5. 11 11. 45 



.78 



91 2.47 13 



30.52 5.27 
28.2816.24 
30. 55 10. 35 
34.23 9.79 



31.90 
35.80 
36.30 
29.27 



41 



Cigar tohacco land — Contiiined. 
NORTHERN DISTRICTS— Continued. 



3(19(1 
3111 



3120 
3121 



1408 
3259 
3249 
3245 
■3253 
3257 
3255 
3247 
3251 
3254 



Ohio. 
Miamisbiirg 

Gcrmantowii . .. 

do 

do 



Dcscriplion and 
d.ptli. 



.9 — 3 



S 



1 •^ 


^ 


r^ . 1 


a 

a 


B ■ 


a'2 I 








?i 




gS 






- = 














g 


o "^ 


5 _• 






o 




■^- 






Average 

Vi'iiico>isi7i. 
N('\\ ark 

Stongliton, 5J miles 

oast. 
Kduerton, 4 miles 

west. 
ICdgerton, 4 miles 

northwest. 
Stodghton, (i miles 

east. 
Stougbtoii. 4 miles 

east. 
Stongliton, 4i miles 

east. 
Edgerton, 2 miles 

southwest. 
Edgei-ton. i miles 

northwest 
Stongliton, miles 

east. 

Average 



r. ct. r. ct. r. d r. <•?. p. ct.r. ct. p. ct. 

Glacial drift, 9-24 | 2.49 2.69 .15 .65 2.18 4.90 13.84 

inehea. I i I 

Glacial dritt, 12-24 2.58 2.27 .03, .13 .48 .96 11.84 

inches. ' ; I ' ' 

.. .do 3.96 3.06 .03 .20 .95 2.50 17.07 

Glacial drift, 24-36 '3.16 2. 08 1.30 2.07 ,5. ,38 11. 80 18. 71 

inches. i , 

3.05 2.671 .39 .70 



^ 


«~l 


=> 1 ^ .: 


d .« c 


lo . ■ ■■•'-' - 


-- ~ , in 


° a 


o 

o 


q 


®d 




oj. 


.PH 




M 


&^S 


P.ct.P.ct) 


41.49 6.68 


47.81 


7. 85 



25 6.08 
80 5.05 



/'. ct. 
25. (>0 



27. 40 

30.35 



Limestone, 7-18 

inches. 
Oak oiiening, 9-30 

inches. 
Prairie, 12-30 inches 

Oak opening, 12-36 

inches. 
Oak oiiening. 12-30 

inches. 
Prairie. 9-33 in<'hes . 



Oak opening. 36 

mch.-s. 
Pi'airie, 12-:!0 inches 

Oak opening. 9-36 

inches. 
Oak openin.i;-, 30-39 

inches. 



47 1. 

98 1. 

.57J 3. 

26| 3. 

15 3. 

06 4. 

20 2. 

80 3. 

71 3. 

70 2. 



87i 3. 

94 

03 

08 

00 

24 

94 

H4 

28 

05 



82 5. 

75, 2. 

18 . 
,06 . 
,02 , 
, 05 . 

.15 . 
,38 1. 
. 00 . 



"1.04115. 36|37. 60 6.41 27.52 



13 

01 
5S 

42 2 
11 
09 

97 4 
47 2 
06 
02 



ii;3i 

S7!r!6, 

96: 5 

4l' 
45 

97 5 
):! 3 
70 17 
18 



35 9. 
44 HI. 
98 17. 
51 18. 
r,s 14. 
«4 17. 
15 17. 
15 19. 
DO 14. 
35 1 0. 



20 13. 

or 9. 

I 
88 37. 

79 1 35. 

98 42. 

30 30. 

01 33. 

00 35. 

03 25. 

97 37. 



71 11.. 53 
41 18.65 

62 22. 60 
74 23. 20 
71 23. :',0 
46 2:!. 75 
73 23. 90 
2i; 24. .53 
SI 27. 40 

63 2S. 70 



.59 1.09 4.93 10.34 15.68 31.04 6.(11 



SOUTHERN DISTRICTS. 



Florida. 



2827 


Ocala 




LiL;ht li:inincoek. 


(1. 35 


1 


16 


Ifl) 


l.,59 15.63 62.87 15.70 


1.25 


0.48 





61 






0-9 inches. 






[ 




I 










2819 


Fort Meade 


Giav hammock, 

0-30 inches. 


1. 00 


- 


50 


0. 80 


3.81 13.77 50. 10 24.41 

1 i 


.90 


.55 




99 


2821 


do 


Gray hamnioek. 

20-36 inches. 


1.03 


- 


16, 


.36 


1 4(1 8.30 48.87 35.36 


l.dO 

1 


■ ■'■- 


1 


17 


2829 


Ocala 


Light hammock, 

24-36 inelies. 


.30 




05 


(a) 


1.45 19.63 62.40 11.65 


1.80 


.62 


1 


26 


2828 


.... do 


Light hammock, 

9-24 inches. 


22 




75 


(") 


1.80 18.25 65.37 10,07 


1.20, 


.55 


1 


39 


2823 


Fort Mead(i 


Mulatto hammock, 

12-36 inches. 


.47 


I 


43 


.70 


2.50 14.30 53.00 24.46 


.62 


.34 


1 


58 


2820 


do 


Gra.v hammock, 

0-20 inches. 


1.39 


2 


88 


.25 


1.30 7.76 41.75 41.22 


1.221 


.70 


1 


58 


2820 


do 


Iligl' pine land, 

0-18 inches. 


.47 


1 


eo 


.10 


. 65 4. 58 47. 88 tO. 90 


..58 


.23 


1 


68 


2847 


Silver Spring . . 


Light hamnioek, 

12-24 inches. 


.19 




40 


.02 


5. 57 28. 66 52. 71 9. 84 


.38 


.20 


1 


82 


2822 


Fort Meade .... 


Mulatto hammock, 

0-12 inches. 


.62 


1 


53 


.78 


2. 85 14. 35 53. 51 123. 50 

i I 


.05 


.44 


2 


07 


283.7 


Ocala 





Mixed land, 0-12 
indies. 


.39 


1 


es^ 


.09 


4.07 32.3144.72 11.10 


2. 55 


. 53 


- 


09 


2845 


do 




Mixed land, soil . . . 


.31 


1 


34 


.10 


1.95 24.46 00.25 9.59 


.42 


.19 


2 


10 


2838 


do 





Mixed land, 12-36 
inches. 


.06 




49 


(a) 


3.15 24.94 51.10 13.47 

1 t 


2.33 


1. 10 


- 


29 


2830 


Ocala, one-half 
south. 


nile 


Light hammock, 
0-12 inches. 


.49 


1 


36 


(a) 


3.07 21.44 53.54 13.30 


2.68 


1.33 


- 


39 


2841 


Ocala, 2 miles south . 


Mixed land. 24-36 


.41 


1 


10 


(") 


1.90 13.83 63.70 12.85 


2.06 


.94 


2 


48 








inches. 




















2825 


Fort Meade, 
miles south. 


H 


High pine land. 
20-36 indies. 


.48 


2 


22 


.52 


3.14 17.23 49.29 23.14 


.62 


.30 


- 


62 


2824 


do 




High pine land, 
0-20 inches. 


1.54 


3 


02 


.52 


2. 94 16. 00 47. 95 24. 73 


.86 


.38 


- 


(j2 


2852 


Bartow 




Higlipine land. 0-9 
inches. 

a 


.81 
Trac 


3 
e. 


37 


.35 


2.2120.83 46.70 21.89 

1 1 


1.24 


.41 




83 



42 

Cigar fohaeco laud — Coutinned. 
SOUTHERN DISTRICTS— CoDtinued. 



2846 
2850 
2831 

2818 
2853 
2817 
28:50 
2851 
284(1 
2842 
2843 



Locality. 



Florida — Continued. 
Ocala 



De.scription and 
depth. 



Ocala, one-half mile 

soutli . 
Fort Meade 



Bartow 

Fort Meade 

Ocala, 2 mile.s soutli 
I'.artow 

( tenia, 2 miles south. 

()cm1;i, one-half mile 

cast. 
Ocala, li miles east. 



Average . 
2804 'JuincY 



2897 
2800 



.do 
do 



2001 do 

.\verasre. 

■ 

289,') (Juincy 

290(1 do 



Mixed land, .suh- 

soil. 
High pine land. 

0-9 inches. 
Light hammock, 

12-30 inches. 
Gray hammock, 

20-36 inches. 
High ])iiie land, 

9-30 inches. 
Gray hammock, 

0-20 inches. 
Mixed land, 0-12 

inches. 
High pine land, 

9-30 inches. 
Mixed land, 12-24 

incliea. 
Mixed land. 0-9 

inches. 
Mixed land, 9-24 

inches. 



o-a 
3 



/'. ct. 
.24 

.5,1 

1 
.32 

1.06 

..54 

.94 

.78 

.36 

.19! 

1.11 

1.41 





X 






s 


E 


"§ 


H 


s 


'Y 
























« 











^ 0! a 



cs_;^ I -^ 



[P.et. 
.72 .32' 2.42 



-^ • 


'9 • 


•3 . 






C — 

^3 


'§ 


«fl 


«s 


s 


^e 


gS 


^^ 


dun 


^0 


cfl 


So 






"~* X 


0^5 










^^ 


z^ 


>^ 


P.ct. 


p.ct. 


P.ct.\ 



a "= 



2.44| 

.92 

3.06 

1.24, 
2.13 



1.56 (rt) 
1. 09| . 10 

.72' (O) 

3.46 (a) 

3.20 (a) 



2.31 
3.30 
4.29 
1.61 
2.97 
2.12 
1.83 
1.95 
3. .50 
3.67 



27.55 57.44 6.84; . 
19.74 45.32 25.71 . 
22.29 55.29 10.64| 2, 
19. 15[46. 70 20. 19 , 
17. 01:49. 22 24. 98| , 
12.92 48.99 26.691 
16. 88 ,57. .57 11. 30 2 
19. 57 48. 4123. fifi 
13. 15 62. .53 12.35, 1 
32.95 34. 15 10.641 2, 
30.80 33.00 9.45 2 



ct. P. ct. r. 

50 .24 3. 

97 .38 3. 

62 1.64 3. 

78 .47 3. 

78' .24 3. 

,74' .,30 3. 

26 1.27 5. 

65 .2L 4. 

I 

81 . 87,' 5. 

.96; .95 9. 

24; .87 14. 



Lafayette, 0-12 

inches. 
do 



.62,1.73 .26 2.60 18,04 51,53 18.95 1.33 . 59 3. 21 
.33 1.63 .13 1 61 9.48 56.71,20.82 3.75' .81 4.37 



Lafayette, 0- 

inchcs. 
Lafayette, soil.. . 



.84 4.35 l.OI 5.35 18.33 40.86:14.49 4. 3l! .99 7.05 
.71 3.32; .45,2.10 19.25 47.3715.28 4.99, .92 5.01 



.43, 1.41 1.1110.33 33.07 37.18, 9.14 3.53 .49 2.65 



2896 

2808 



22S2 
■_'-J84 
2286 



308 
311 
310 
300 
307 
306 



1958 
1960 
1961 



do 

do 



Average . 

Texas. 

Willis 

. ... do 

do 

Average. 

California. 

San Rafael 

Cxha. 

Viielta Abajo .. 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do.... 
...do .... 
...do .... 

Average . 

Camajuani 

do 

do 

do 



Average . 



Lafayette. 12-36 

inches. 
Lafayette. 9-30 

inches. 
Lafayette subsoil 
La fayctte. 12-20 

inches. 



24 inches 

20-24 inches . 
6-24 inches.. , 



6-24 inches 



Cigar tobacco.. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 



.58,2.68, .68 4.85 20.03 45.53 14.93 4.15 .80 

T53J 4. 00|~8 T45 T38 46. 30 uTie 4. 70 . 88 

1.31 5. sol .50 1.55 8.1134.361,5.27 3.48 .77 

1.31 5.94! .51 1.24 6.00 33.4113.58 2.79 1.74 

1..55 6.02 .88 3. ,>2 11.68 26. .54 10.54 2.51 .88 



5 15 
18.10 
20.15 

34. 15 

35. 73 



1 . 18, 5. 69: . 54 1. 94 8. 81 35. 15 13. 39 3. 37 1. 07 29. 30 



.31 .53 .82 4.45 26.17 39.6011.61 8. .57 1.95 6.07 
.14 .38 3. 01 12,3129. 63 30. 33 14. 70 4.93 . 84 2. Ii5 
.24 .44 .46 2.9817.85 41.23 16. 1813. 19 1.97| 5. 37 



.23 
1.27 



Remedios (cigar) 
tobacco. 

do 

do 

do 



.74 
5.70 



3.84 
3.14 



.46; 1.63 6.58 24.55,37.0514.16 8.90 1.59J 4.70 

^ ^ j , ] 

3.91, 2.94 5.4919.44 27.3312.8513.37 2.18 10.77 



3. 83 1. 70 6. 20i' 9. 40 18. 20 48. 85 8. 03 . 18 2. 60 

2.46, 1.00 6.60 15.10 20.75.39.05 4.46 1.44 3.15 

5.46 .13 .941 7. 02 25. .50 50. 64 4.75 2.09 4.05 

2. 68 3. 45 2. 80; 4. 50 1 8. 70 55. 80 5. 11 1 . 04 5. 34 

4.15 12.90 8. 15 8. 35 17. 75 28. 15 7.99 1.39 8.75 

4.20 5.20 3. 03 5. 30 2.3. 15 36. 05 8.82 3.97 0.35 



8.91 



4.06 4.62 



1.25 .41 



8.62; 3.21 .41 

11.29i .65 .25 

8.00:11.17 .15 .38 

5. nllO.Olj 1. 3l| .36 



8.28 21.07 43.09 6.53 1.82 5.09 

.94J 9.53 21.39 24.44 9.6619.60 

. 49! 3. 85 14. 77 17. 80 7. 9034. 85 
.30 3.2014.05 17.90 11.8137.10 
. 36, 1. 47 9. 69 24. 80 8. 00 37. 71 



. 52; 4. 51 14. 97 21. 24, 9. 37,32. 32 



a Trace. 



43 

Bright tohacco hiiid. 
VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA DISTHICTS. 



2032 

741 
751 
746 
745 
764 
760 
757 
754 
744 
2047 

1663 

758 
748 
1722 

750 
747 
742 
1667 

2049 

749 

2028 

117 

2030 

761 
763 
762 
1372 
1329 
2052 

1605 

2031 

694 

2068 

2060 

1751 

1668 

696 

2045 

2027 
753 

789 
1833 
755 



Localitv. 



Gills Strition, Vb., 2 I 

miles siiutli. 
Rock\ moiiiit, N. C . . 

Laucaster, S. C 

Oxford, N.C 

Pitt C(nnity,N. C... 

Lancaster, S. C 

Canton, N. C I 

Caua, N. C ! 

Rockvmoiint, N. C . . 

Cana. N. C [ 

Boyd ton, Vn., 9 [ 

miles east. ] 

Danville. Va.. near.. 
Pitt County, N. C. ..' 
Weavervilfe. N. C. . . ' 
Kentuek, Va., one- I 

halt" mile south. 

Joy, N. C 

Canton, N. C 

Nelson, N. C 

Ken tuck, Va., 1 

mile south. 
Boyd ton, Va., 9 

miles east. 

Alexander. N. (' 

Gills Station, Va 

Oxford, N. C, 4 

mill's west. 
Gills Station, Va , 2 

miles east 
Weaverville, N C. 

Joy, N.C 

Alexander, N.C 

Danville, \'a., near. . 

do 

Boydton. Va.,6niile.s 

east. 
Danville. Va., near. . 
Gills Station. Va., 2 

miles soiilli. 
Danvil le, Va., 9 

miles nortli. 
La\vren<eville, Va., 

4 miles east. 
Lavvrenceville, Va., 

5 miles northeast. 
Kentuck. Va.. one- 

lialf mile soiitli. 
Kentuck. Va..l mile 

south. 
Danville. Va., 7 miles 
north. 
I Boydton, Va., 10,§ 
liiiles east. 

j Gills Station, Va 

I Hyeo. Va 

.Danville, Va 

Kentuck, \'a 

Nelson, N. C 



Description and 
depth. 



42 inches 

Soil 

do 

... do 

... do 

Suhsoil 

do 

do 



0% 

'Z a 



3 



— . -. -~ I o 



a: 



o — 



e^: 



c !£? 






°5 s= S S 



O 



do 

Soil 

6-30 inches 

do 

Subsoil 

Soil 

4-15 inches 

Soil 

do 

do 

6-15 inches. 



P.ct.\P.ct.P.ct.P,ct.\P.ct.\P.ct.\P.ct, P.ct.lP.ct. J'.cl. 
0. 40 2. 09 0. 60: 8. 08 20. 66,26. 52 25. 38 8. 24 5. 54 2. 48 



.16 1. 
.26 2. 
.18 1. 
.36 2. 
.00 3. 
.47 2. 
.91 2. 
.06 . 
.66 3. 



34 2. 

52 13. 

50 2. 

18 . 
17 6. 

19 5. 
5S 3. 
87 2. 
72 . 



6-12 inches . 

Soil 

18-30 inches. 
12-16 inches. 



85 10. 
6818. 
.56 7. 
00 . 
4117. 
28 11. 
76 3. 
97 8. 
00 2. 
79 24. 



03 20. 
34 23. 
89 25. 

92 8. 
48 29. 
16 14. 

22: 9. 

96 17. 
47 9. 

93 26. 



28 27.00 25.13 6. 29| 
45 25. 73 12. 90 7. 85: 
63 23.6518.7(1 13.51 
93 55.6515.85 10.44 
60 17.18 7. 14|12.86 
78 17. 88 25. 37 16. 79' 
5519. 86 27. 77i20. 601 
26 25. 14 25. 40111. 71 
14 19. 60 37. 28 17. 32' 
99 15.71:12.10; 7. 'ISl 



2. 62 . 87 7. 84 8. 01 13. 50 19. 33 24. 28 12. 96 

.81 2.30 .19 6. 47i 7.20 50. 1513.9214.54 

.70 3.64 4.38 6.22 9.4212.73 28.0123.25 

.97 2.85] 1.45'i ,5. 93 11. 91J23. 28 20. 06 16. 01 

I.IO; 5.13; 5.161 7.85 8.17:13.65 20.90 20.95 

1. 00| 4. 52| 4. 22, 8. 35 10. 60 14. 70 32. 42 14. 23 

.341 1.92i 1.02 3.36 9.78 23.62 31.17 17.68 

. 40; 2. 73} . 76 5. 01 13. 71 23. 90 27. 3112. 3S 

.34' 2. Ill 1.9(1 7.'.t7 21.!)0'J2. 17 21, 15 9.95 



Subsoil 
do . 



6-20inclu's. 
(>-18 inches. 
6-12 inches 

6-18iiu-iies. 
10-30 inches 



i-'M) inches. . 

0-18 inches, . 

0-30 inches. 

15-30 inches. 

do 

4-12 inches. . 

6-20 inches.. 

6-18 inches. . 

Suhsoil 

(i-lSinclies- . 
6-30 inches. . 
Subsoil 



.461 3.05, 
1.251 4.74 

2, 07| .15, 

j .38 1.41 

.00 2,94 

I .00 ,(10 

,00 . 00 

1. 14 1.03' 

; .44 i.iis 

.34 2.(12 

.71 2.40 
.70 2.40 

.38 1,74 

\ 
.42; 1.66 

.30' 1.57 

10. 21 6, 00 

8, 20 9, 99 

I . 72. 4. 60! 

! .74, 1.96, 

. 56' 2. 241 
.72} 3.40 
5.13: 2.61 
.96' 2.47: 
.56! ^.40 



,15 8, 
,24' 8, 
,71 1. 



.50 15, 
56 1.5. 

12 7. 



19; 15. 86 24. 

36 14.4514. 

37 27. 90 24. 



2.38 
1.80 
3. 10 
1.88 
2. 05 
2.04 
6.18 
2.73 
4.08 
3.01 

4.79 
5.77 
4.91 
5. 23i 



2.90 
3.12 

3. 33 
4.00 
4.05 

4. 85 
4.87 
4.91 

5. 08 
5. 18 

5,74 
5.86 
5.94 
6.24 



4 


511 


6. 


27 


3 


02 


6 


07 


4 


46 


6 


90 


5 


SO 


7 


00 



67 18.45 4. 
65 16.67ll5. 
26 22.77, 4. 



25 7, r.o 
71 8. '.M 
20 8.30 



1.19 7.03 16.77 21.83 13.20 10.22 13.74 S. .^9 



.30 7, 

37 8, 

, 93 7, 

. 14 . 

.96 0. 
.0111. 

.01' 2. 

. 38 8. 



.22 9. 

( 

.91 9. 

! 

.81 3. 

.16 . 

.641 1. 

I 

. 83j 8. 

.66' 8. 

.OOJ . 

.14; 3. 

.421 3. 

.171 3. 



n 9. 

18 10. 
89 10. 
74 8, 
30 10. 

30 21. 

29 5. 
04 16. 

70 5. 

62 21. 

47 21. 

32 6. 

73 6. 

00 6, 

70 16. 

5518. 

60; 1. 
58 11. 

31 6. 

31 7. 



11 10.5517. 

80 13.59 20. 

87 1 1. 14 15. 
07 28. 26 82. 
.55 17. 10 29. 

88 20. .52 17. 

57 19. 58 33. 
36,18.86 19. 

53 27. 35 ;!2. 

20 20.03 13. 

75 20. 28 14. 

23 11.78 23. 

92 14. 55 2.5. 

30 22. 53 36. 

90 20.25 20. 

34 20. 05 19. 
82 4.69 40. 
75 28.96 21. 
5816.39 31. 
90 18.22 26. 



23 31.15 f). 

08 23. 18 4. 

52 28.08 7. 

16 13.95 5. 

03 14. 99| 5. 

61 9.92 .5. 

13 19. 16 6. 
73 11.83 10. 

73 1.5. 12 5. 

41 15,89 6. 

41' 7.42 0. 

91 17.32 9. 
50 1.5.67' 8. 
14.12.45 5. 

92 11. 58 5. 

73111.24 5. 

I9I3I.27I 4. 

68 6.54 3. 

05 15. 661 5. 

49 17.58' 4. 



84 8.77 

78 8.85 

94 8.91 

11 9.17 

87 9.25 

30 9. .56 

13 10,(10 
(U II). 05 

55 1.0.43 

38 10.60 

25 11. 11 

14 :i.24 
75 11.46 
28 11.84 
08 12. 87 

1013.20 

84 13. 28 
62 15. 05 
94 15. 98 
41 16, 58 



Av. 



1.10 2.24 2.57 6.39 13. 



,02 23.45 14, (W 5,43 8.23 



44 



Moniifacfuriuf/ tohaccn Ja)>d. 
VIRGINIA DISTPvICT. 



























'^6 




a "s^ 




•3_ 

« a 


c3 _: o .^ :z 


i 














ct C 


cs a 


OJ S 1 - 






Locality. 


Description and 
depth. 


o a 


a ' 


ivel(2-li 

arse s 
1-0.5 mm 


in 

S ^1 

IS 'n 


X 3 

o 

®.n 


oS §-^ "^ 

■^O £ , ©o 




6 






"o~ 


5 c -^ 


»d 


.-. o .' - " ■ — = 


a 


"A 






s 


o 


5 o 


«« ^ 


5^ "^ , > ~ X ^ = 


5 




Tiiyinia. 






















P.et. 


p. cf. 


p. ct. p. ct. 


P.ct. P.ct.P.ct.P.ct.P.cf. 


P.cl. 


649 


Oliarlottesvillc, 2 
miles uortli. 


(labbro, 8-24 inches 


2.34 


5.16 


6.21 6.30 


5.62 9,72 12,5611.5510,88 


30.60 


2lHi4 


LawieiicevilU' 


( rueiss, subsoil 


2. 23 


8. 68 


1.14 4.40 


4. 86 9. 90 20. 04 12, 41 5. 26 


31.58 


G4ii 


Cliarlcittesville, 1 
mile uortlieast. 


Gabbro, 9-24 inehe.s 


5^65 


7.29 


. 44 . 88 


.86 .61 4.94 23.89 21.90 


34. 15 


f.51 


Lynehliurg 


(yneiss, subsoil 


3.94 


6.99 


1.66 2.87 


8.96 18.0612.77 6.89 2.26 


35. 06 


lliliy 


Dniiville, 1 mile 

IKM-th. 

Lawreiieeville, 4 


do 


12. 33 


7.85 


, 45 , 40 


1.01 4.10 18.3315,05 5.70 


35.20 


20(;0 


( ineiss, 12-30 inches 


2.40 


7.41 


3,84 5.53 


7.09 8.04 16,85 5.49 4,44 


39.25 




milr.s east. 










i 


c-.d 


Cliarldttesville, 1 
mile west. 


( labbro. 8-10 inches 


2.78 


6,74 


3.84 5.61 


5.43 7.7310.11 8.62 7.74 43.18 


G.'iS 


I-'orest 


Gneiss, -subsoil. . -". . 
( Jabbro, subsoil 


8.97 
8.51 


6.68 
8.49 


1.27 1,64 
.06 .17 


4. 77 7. 45 7. 47 9. 20 8. 48 44. 70 


017 


Cliarldttesville, 2^ 


.19; 2.18; 5.8814.83 14.82 44,96 




inili-s nnrtlienst. 












1G04 


Danville, 3 miles 

iioi-tli. 
Lawreiieeville, 4 


(Ineiss, .subsoil 


7.80 10.50 


, 16 . 13 


.25 .91 2.39 24.78' 7.89 45.00 


2002 


Gneiss, 12-30 inches 


3.21 


9,19 


,66 1,48 


3.8210,40 18.26 4.43 3.60 45,16 




miles eiist. 










' 


C52 


Lvnchburji, 'J miles 

'soutli. 
Lviiclilmru;. 5 miles 


Gneiss, subsoil. ... 


3.44 


5 (!3 


.35 1,37 


5,72 14,73 10,79 6,70 4,62 


45.84 


054 


do 


4.01 


7,40 


,65 4.23 


8,48 12.54| 8.93 3,82 3.69 


47,13 


U197 


'west. 
MoasinjrlVinl 


do 


2.8a 


8.82 


1.36 2,07 


3.85 6,9711,31, 9,88 5,30 


47,33 


053 


LyiK'liImrii. 4 miles 


do 


.3. 31 


7,13 


, 28 . 88 


7,34 9,52 5, 42| 9,48 6,66 48,20 




soutli. 








1 




644 


Cliarlottesville 


(labbro, 8-24 inches 


9.55 


7. ()7 


,56 .44 


.83 1.71' 5. .5613.49' 9.55 50.11 


r,.-,5 


Bedlonl Si.rinss 


Gneiss, subsoil 


5.64 


8.40 


.72' .87 


2.05 5.51 7.32' 9.91 6.54.52.18 


211.50 


Boydtiiii. liiiiloeast. 


do 


3. .5(1 


9,12 


.04 .02 


.06 .32 6.44 17.84 11.26 52.31 


042 


Chariot ti'sville. one- 


(Jabbro,8-24inches 


7.2h 


6.48 


. 67 . 99 


1.36 2.55 5. 50;i3.76 9.82 52.46 




lialf mile uortli- 










1 






east. 








! 






059 


Forest, oiie-lialf'mile 

south. 
Bedford Spriiius, 1 


Gneiss, subsoil 


8, 2: 


9.07 


1.02 2.27 


4,39 6.96 4,51 5,09 5.94 53.13 


056 


do 


0.47 


10.50 


. l(i . 42 


' 1,,53 5,76 4.08 8,92 5,74 54,53 




mile north. 










1 1 




Average 




5.5- 


7.87 


1.22 2.05 


3.74 0.94 9.45 11,29 7.07 44-38 



JiKrlcji tobacco laud — Lower Silurian {Trciiinn and Hudson Hirer Limestone). 
KENTUCKY AND OHIG DISTRICT.S. 



Ohio. I 

3091 Georgetown, 3 miles 12-36 inches. 

i east. 
3087 I Aberdeen, 4 milea 12-24 inches, 

west, 
3C82 Georgetown, IJ 9-24 inches.. 

miles southeast. 
3089 Higsiiisport,6niiles 9-30in(dies. . 

north. 



Kentucky. j 

3072 Germantown, 2k 0-12 inches.. 

milea west. 

1101 Mount Sterling 6-18inches.. 

1851 Winchester do 

3073 (Germantown, 2i 12-30 inches 

miles west. 

1853 Winchester 6-18 inches.. 

2585 Lexington, 10 miles 6-24inches.. 

southeast. i 

1991 Greeiidalo 13-25inches. 

2583 Donerail, 1 mile 10-24 inches. 

south. 



3. 24j 2.96 0.16 0.93 

3.28' 3.67 .20' .37 

I i I 

4.05 3.46 ,02i .09 

4.32 3.98 .011 .03 



2.04 3.83| .02 

I ' 

2.36 3.95 1.52 1,80 

2,48 6,15 .60 1.81 

3.28' 2.70 .18 .67 

2.38 4.60 1.59 2.71 

3.08 3.69 1.73 2.66 

2.22 4.68 .98 1.51 

3.43 4.38 1.22 2.57 



1.90 2.84 11.3147.71 6.68 22.25 
.48 .80,17.4133.06, 7.78 34.63 
.13 .42' 9.65 34.77 7.70 40.83 
.10: .45 6.13 32.25 8,35 44.50 



1.06 L 18 10. 12 56. 27 9. .58 15. 58 

1. 48; 2. 4010. 07 42, 97 13. 39 18. 25 

1.77 1.38 3. 17 43. 26 18. 20 22. .50 

.82, .571 9.46 50.03; 8. 49 23. .50 

2.03 1.36 2.74 44.6114.39 24.75 

l.OOi 1. 13j 5.36 45.76! 9.47 25.71 

1.17 .55' 2.80 50.55 7,97 27.30 

3.03 3.00 5.77 38.59 8.75 27.61 



45 

Hurley tobacco land— Loirer Silurian (Trenton and Hudson Ttirer I/nncstonc)—{\n\t\\. 
KENTUCKY AND OHIO DISTKICTS— (oiitiiiued. 



1927 

3077 
2588 

•-'959 

1849 
29C() 

3070 

2580 

287 

2589 

3069 

2586 

2957 

1702 
3071 

2581 

3071 

3080 



Li" alitv. 



Description and 
(l.^ptli. 



Kentucky — Cont'd. 

Lexington, 8i miles 

noitlieast. 

Cliatliani 

Lexington, 10 miles 

soiitlieast. 
Mays Lick, 2 miles 

soutli. 

Winchester 

Mays Lick, 2 miles 

sontli. 
Maysville, 4 miles 

west. 
Donerail, one-fourth 

mile sonth. 
Lexington, Ci miles 

north. 
Lexington. 10 miles 

southca.'it. 
Gerniantown, one- 

half mile east. 
Lexington, 10 mile.s 

soutlieast. 
Maysville, 9 miles 

feouth. 

Lexington 

Maysville, 4 miles 

west. 
Donerail. one-fourth 

mile south. 
Maysville, 4 miles 

west. 
Augnsta, 1 mile 

south. 



Suhsoil .. 



12-30 inches 

12-24 ini'hes 






p. ct. p. , 
2.55; 4. 



2.541 2. 
2.65 3. 



a ' ' 



- 5s «a s 



6-18 inches.. 
24-36 inches. 



s> in 

, si. £2. •"= S = 



— - I o 






4.55; 2.78 



2.92; 5. 
3.79 3. 



0-9 inches 5.66 

12-24 inches 3.64 4. 

7-24 inches 4.68 4. 

24-:m inches i 3.52 4. 

12-30 inches | 3.61 3. 

24-30 inches j 3.89 4. 

12-.'!0 inches i 5.51 4. 



.ct. P.ct. I'.ct. p. 
.82 2.38 1.54 5. 



ct. P. ct. P. 
73 45.90 7. 



ct. I'.ct. 

88 27. 73 



.13! , 
1.23 2 



89 1.26 1.35 6. 
49 2.20 .97; 5. 



10 47.89:10. 
28 43. 31 10. 



36 27. 77 
18 28. 45 



.98 1.10 1. 03 11. 22,43. 46; 6. 14 28. 53 



.73 1. 
.33 . 



11 . 

7o' 2. 

92 1.12 1. 

i 
10 .93[ 2. 

9l! .27 . 

38 1.43 2. 



9-18 inches. 
do 



.76 8. 
4. 70 4. 



24-36 inches 4.26, 4. 

9-18 inches I 3.23, 5. 



.86 
.02 
(1-12 inches , 5.80, 5.10 



.46 

.00 
.13 

3.01 

.05 

.05 



43 1.41 1.22 2. 

90 1.22 1.25 7. 

19 .34 .6113. 

54 2.6o: 1.83 4. 

82 1.37 .89 4. 

35 2.07 1.12 4. 

58 .94 1.16 4. 

80 2.35 1.40 4. 

80 .89 1.2(1 9. 



.11; . 
.44 10. 



3.21 5.24 3.421 5. 
.13 .25| .53 10. 
.13 .25' .46 7. 



Average I ^3.48 4.42 .64 1.03 1.44 1.22 7.0439.77 9.36 31.62 



23 38. 53 16, 
99 46.59 4. 

0131.41 10. 

3136.97j 7. 

34 34. 40 10. 

92 36.03 8. 

75 38.60, 9. 

10 33.34 8. 

06 34.55; 6. 

97,38. 70 11 
44 30.12 7 

03 26.42: 5 

I I 

2129.22 9 

67 28.731 9 



31 30. 20 
72 30. 70 

19 31.25 

69 34. 36 

1 
58 35. 24 

1 
11 35. 53 

27;38.37 

0,';38.62 

42 38.63 

i 

20 38. 92 

. 98 40. 17 

I 
.94 40.88 

94 42. 70 

10 43.20 



E.vport tobacco land. 
KENTUCKY AND TEXNESSEK DISTRICTS. 



2611 


Clarksville, Tenn., 
9 miles southeast. 


Subcarbouifer o u s 
limestone, 9-18 


1.32 


2.83 


0.62 


0.87 


1.15 1.62 


6.65 60.68 6.4212.14 






inches. 


. 














2605 


Clarksville, Tenn., 
11 miles east. 


Suhcarboniferou 8 
limestone, 6-24 
inches. 


1.24 


2.74 


2.47 


4.63 


6.37 


7.71 


10.37 45.29 4.69 14. .'52 


2606 


do 


Subcarbonifero n s 


1.20 


2.36 


4.58 


7.99 


9.04 10.20 


9.90 34.74 4.96 I.''.. 24 






limestone, 24-36 


1 


















inches. 


1 














2612 


Clarksville, Tenn.. 
9 miles southeast. 


Suhcarhonifer u s 
limestone, 18-27 
inches. 


1.33, 


3.57 


.28 


.64 


.93 


1.67 


5.17 60.45 9.38 15.24 


3158 


Hopkinsville, Ky., 
2 miles south. 


Subcarb'niferous 
limestone, 0-12 
inches. 


2.26 


2.96 


.00 


.05 


.15 


1.06 


9.94 63.14 ,5. 56 I.'-). 75 


3232 


Henderson, Ky., 9 
miles .south." 


Suhcarhonifer o u s 
limestone, 9-36 
inches. 


2.30, 


1.80 


.34 


.34 


.30 


.66 


13.83 60.2(1 4.(10 16.48 


1105 


Earlington, Ky 


Car bon i fero us 


1.78 


2.91 


.18 


.65 


.94 


1.74 


19. 83 47. 72 6. 14 17. 03 






sandstone, 16-18 


















inches. 
















2619 


Clarksville, Tenn., 
6 miles east. 


Subcarbouifer o u s 
limestone, 9-18 
inches. 


1.28 


3. 06 


.07 


.14 


.52 


1.76 


4.1164.43 .6.78 18.25 

! 


2638 


Springfield, Tenn., 
IJ miles north. 


Subcarbonifero us 
limestone, 9-18 
inches. 


L17 


2.35 


.28 


.36 


.45 


1.69 


10.97,56.22 7.16 18.07 



726 
3215 



2647 



25'.12 



46 

Export tobacco land — Continuea. 
KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE DISTRICTS— Continued. 



Locality. 



Description and 
depth. 






* ^ ! ^ 2 
~ f-1 'w in 



S^ 



c4 a 






3135 Woodbnrn, Ky., 1 
mile north. 

2923 I Springfield, Tenn., 
; 4 miles north. 

1720 I Clarksville, Tenn., 
5 miles northeast. 



Adams Sta., Tenn . 



ITarmington, Ky., 
I 2imile.s northwest. 
1099 New.stead, Ky 



1880 Clark.iville, Tenn., 
I 8 miles northeast. 

2645 I Springfield, Tenn.. 
I 1^ mile.s north. 

2598 Clarksville, Tenn., 
8 miles east. 

2615 Clarksville, Tenn., 
6 miles east. 

264G Springfield, Tenn.. 
li miles north. 



-do 



2599 Clarksville, Tenn., 
8 miles east. 

2609 Clarksville, Tenn., 
11 miles southeast. 

1711» Clarksville, Tenn., 
6 miles east. 

2620 do 



2581 Clarksville, Tenn., 
7 miles east. 

3225 Corydon, Ky., three- 
fourths mile 
southeast. 

1379 Allen Springs, Ky.. 



Clarksville, Tenn., 
7 miles east. 



1431 1 Bowling Green, Ky. 



3217 Farmington, Ky., 2 

miles west. 
2630 Springfiehl, Tenn., 

4 J miles north. 

2633 Springfield, Tenn., 
7 miles north. 

2608 (Jlarksville, Tenn., 
9 miles southeast. 

3136 "Woodbnrn, Ky., 1 
mile north. 



Subcarboniferous i 

limestone, 0-12 

inches. 
Subcarboniferous i 

limestone, 9-18 

inches. 
Subcarboniferous 

limestone, 6-30 I 

inches. 
Subcarboniferous 

limes tone, subsoil 
Lafayette or Colum- 1 

bia, 9-27 inches. 
Sub(^arboniferous [ 

limestone, 6-18 

inches. 
Subcarbonifero us 

limestone, 0-6 

inches. 
Subcarboniferous 

limestone, 9-18 

inches. 
.Subcarboniterou s 

limestone, 12-24 

inches. 
Subcarbonifer on s 

liin(>st(>ne, il-18 

inches. 
Subcarboniferous 

limestone, 18-27 

inches. 
Subcarbonifero u s 

limestone, 27-36 

inches. 
Subcarbonifero u s 

limestone, 24-36 

inches. 
do -• 

Subsoil 

Subcarbonifer o u s 

limestone, 18-27 

inches. 
Subcarbonifero u s 

limestone, 8-24 

inches. 
Car bon i feroTi 8 

sandstone, 9-36 

inches. 
Subcarbonifero u s 

limestone, sub- 
soil. 
Subcarbonifero n s 

limestone, 24-36 

inches. 
Subcarbonifer o u s 

limestone, 6-18 

inches. 
Lafayetteon Colum 

bia, 9-24 inches. 
Subcarbonifero u s 

limestone, 18-27 

inches. 
Subcarbonifero u s 

limestone, 9-18 

inches. 
Su bcarbonifer o u s 

limestone, 6-24 

inches. 
Subcarbonifer o u s 

limestone, 12-24 

inches. 



■^~ o 

^^ A \ ^ 

•-.. a I o 

== a i T- . 
^ in ^ 

2 "=■ = 

o o s 

« 6 , o S 

-= Iff 

P.ct.\Pc.i. P.ct. p.ct. P.ct'P.ct.P.ct.'P.ct. P.ct. p.ct. 
2.38 2.42 .02 .13 .23 3. 72j 15. 35 52. 52 5. 91 19.05 



1.63 



4.10. .00 .11 .15 .59 



.78 4.14 



.00 .04 .13, .91 



1.63, 3.08 .00 

2.061 2.40 .00 

I 

2.10 3.06 .05 

.84' 4.82 .00 

1.53 2.31 .15 

1.52 3.44 .14 

1.35 3.00 .36 

1.82 2.65 .71 



1.81 2.56 

1.35, 2.48 

1.63 2.97 

.94 4.92 

1.61 3.08 

1.41 2.55 

2.81 3.34 

1.67 3.31 

1.49 2.39! 

1.75 2.99 

4.08 2.46 
1.72: 4.27 

2.56' 3.75 

1.59 3.08 

4.02' 1.80 



1.21 



.05 .15 .74 
. 06 .16 .34 



3.54 

8.46 

2.04 
12.10 



.18 .11 -34 5.13 

.00 .32 1.2910.77 

.59' .50 .96| 9.33 

.23 .40 1.40 7.21 

.31 .70 2.62! 4.00 



.81 
1.20 



.60; 1.09 8.f 



.24 .35 .59 1.471 8.31 

2.77! 2.35' 2.81' 3.21! 7.35 
.00| .25' ..50' 1.65: 8.27 



58.4412.30 19.21 

56.46 8.9819.38 

61.85i0.45J20. 20 
,57.95 4. 10|20.50 
63. 28 5. 19J20. 55 

46.6615.12120.63 

.55.27 7.79J20. 92 

.57.29 6. 87J21. 18 

59.33 7.O0I2I. 20 

52.55 8. 24|22. 15 

50.40 6.30 

55.55 6.24 22.61 



46.69 
53.09 



5. 33 22. 68 

6. 99 22. 70 



.01 
.00 



.54 .43, 1.53; 7.76,56.91 5.67 22.77 



.01 .08 .39 3.03,62.02 
.00 .02 .06:18.35:48.60 



6. 27 22. 82 
4. 29 23. 17 



.20 


.46 


.63 


.00 


.01 


.05 


.11 


.25 


.50 


.00 


.02 


.14 


.93 


.47 


.44 


.30 


.41 


.38 


1.10 


1.34 


1.42 


.13 


.35 


.36 



2. 23 



13.65 47.09 6.58 23.26 



.26, 3.8160.9'; 



.46 



14.00 



50.50 



7.20 23.43 



4.56 23.60 



1.0611.43 48.38 6.70 23.88 

! 

. 66 10. 72 48. 50: 7.9124.34 

j : 

2.17 7.00.51.26 6.4224.43 
3.72 11.85 48.50 4.90 24.90 



47 

E.I port tohacco Uivd — C'ontiuiied. 
KENTUCKY AXD TENNESSEE DISTKICTS— Continued. 



3197 
2GU1 

2G'J4 

2G2!) 

3109 

2602 

3137 



3227 
3159 



3209 
3128 

3134 
2642 

2594 

3139 



Hopkinsville, Ky., 
9^ miles south. 

Paducali, Ky., 15 

miles south. 
ClMi-ksville, Tenn., 

11 miles east. 

Siirinulield, Tenn., 

4 miles north. 

,Snriiii;titl(l. Teuu., 
4i miles north. 

Hopkiusville, Ky., 

5 miles south. 

Clarksville, Tenn., 
11 miles east. 

AVoodburn, Ky., 1 
luile north. 

Spriugtield, Tenn , 
7 miles north. 

Corydou, Kv 



Description an<l 
depth. 



Hopkiusville, Ky., 
2 miles south. 

Woodburu, Ky., 1 
mile north. 

Fancy Farm, Ky., 

3.^ miles north, 
riaiiol, Kv 



Rich Pond, Ky.. U 

miles north. 
Springtield, Tenn... 



Clarksville, Tenn., 
5 miles east. 



Woodburn, Ky., 1 
mile north. 



Averaite . 



Subcarbonifer o u a 

limestone, 12-36 

inches. 
Lafayette or Colum- 
bia. 9-30 inches. 
Subcarbonifer ou s 

limestone, 9-18 

inches. 
Subcarbonifer o n s 

limestone, 18-27 

inches. 
Subcarbonifer o n s 

limestone, 9-18 

inches. 
Subcarbonifer o u s 

limestone, 12-36 

inches. 
Subcarbonifer o u s 

liuu^stone, 18-27 

inches. 
Siibcarbonife r o u 8 

limestone, 24-36 

inches. 
Subcarbonifer o u s 

limestone, ti-18 

inches. 
Carboniferous sand- 
stone. 9-24 inches. 
Subcarbonifer ou s 

limestone, 12-36 

inches. 
Subcarbonifer ou s 

limeatiuie, 36-72 

inches. 
Lafayetteor Colum- 
bia, 9-27 inches. 
Subcarbonifer o u s 

limestone, 12-36 

inches. 
do 



— - o 



£ a i S d I <« .S 



ci 



„ = ="! . 6 -.n =; — = . -i = s 

P.ct.F.ct. P.ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. cf. 

3. 63 2. 43 . 01 . 12 . 16 . 44 7. 71 5.5. 44 5. 16(25. 00 



4. 60 1.88 .00 .02 .08 . 22 10. 9.'> 51. 91 4.08 2.3.35 

1. 6o| 2.68 .03. .09 .21 .85 5. 91! 5,">. 45 0. 46i'.>5. 07 

1.70 3.18 .01 .07 .13 .52 4. .".1 53. 77 9.4126.06 

2.06 4.18 1.99! .81 .50 .98 7. .^7 47. in 6. 7.'2r>. 12 

• ' ^ I ! 

:!. 88 2.88 .10, .4lj .57i 2. 08,10. ,S4 47. 19 ."i. .^0 26. 33 

2.33 2.64 .02| .14, .32 .60 5.91.5.5.08 .5.89 26 85 

3.34 2.48' .15' .35' . ol' G. 4615. 14 40. 46 4.40 27.00 

' I 1 I I 

1.81 3.54 .88 .90: .99 2. 49'i:!. 64 41. 91 5.76 27.03 

3. 64 2. 60 . 00 . 00 . 02 . 07 12. 37 52. 46 3. 62 27. 05 

.03 .10 .21 .91 8.72 52. 10 4.42 27.15 



4.56 2.80 
2.72 3.10 



.11 .16 .92 17.48 18.37 28.117 3.5127.53 



Subcarbonifer o u s 

limestone, 12-24 

inches. 
Subcarbonifer o u s 

limestone, 9-18 

inches. 
Subcarbonifer o u s 

limestone, 72-96 

inches. 



4. 82 3. 06 .03 .03 .06 .11 12. 32 48. 6:j I. 65 28. 23 

3.74 3.18 .08 .53 .44 .92; 8. :i3 49. OO 5. 77 28. .55 

4.48 3.21 .00 .11 .33 .67,8.36 47.74 4. 86 ;;o. ;_i8 

2.87: 3.1l' .00 .03 .04 .19:3.79 50.91 7.4331.55 

2. 48! 3. 16 .35 .22 .30 . 86 6. 23 48. 08 5. 32 31. 77 

3.86 3.42 .17 .87 .82 3. 94^ 8.63 38.62 4. G8 



28 3.01 .41 .59 .74 1.97: 9. 37 52. 10 6.3622.88 



^ 






hMr'08 



